Trans RINA, Vol 155, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan - Jun 2013
THE POTENTIAL OF PASSIVE DESIGN TO REDUCE THE ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT OF LUXURY PLATFORMS WITHIN THE MARINE INDUSTRY
S McCartan and C Kvilums, EBDIG, Department of Industrial Design, CSAD, Coventry University, UK SUMMARY
Passive design is the use of the natural environment to passively cool, heat, ventilate and light a building without significant energy use, whilst improving the users experience and well-being. Conventionally this is achieved through HVAC systems, which require high grade energy to deliver comfortable conditions. In the 21st century, concerns about the energy resources required to support the growing population has resulted in HVAC design practices within the building industry being replaced by passive design principles. As buildings constitute 41% of Europe’s total energy consumption, the EU energy performance directives states that all new buildings built after 31st December 2016 will have to produce as much energy as they consume, which can be achieved through passive design [22].
Similar concerns have led to the implementation of the EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index) by the IMO, which signifies the arrival of Ecological Accounting (EA) to the marine industry [4]. EA applies metrics to sustainability and drives forward design innovation to reduce energy consumption, providing ecological and economic benefits to the users, designers and yards, by encouraging whole systems analysis. Transfer of Innovation (TOI) of passive design from architecture to the marine industry, would empower designers and yards to meet this new legislation, in terms of HVAC systems, which contribute to the greatest portion of energy consumption of auxiliary loads, onboard conventional vessels. This paper discusses the potential of passive design within the marine industry and the emerging need for design tools to allow passive design to become an intrinsic part of the marine design work flow. Thus aiding the industry to meet the needs of future legislation, and the developing luxury value perception of the owners.
1. INTRODUCTION Passive Design (PD) refers to a design approach in
architecture whereby natural energy streams, such as wind and solar energy are utilised to provide a comfortable internal environment. It differs from micro- generation as no electrical energy is required and thus no energy is converted. It has the potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions, fuel consumption and reduce the size of conventional HVAC (heating, ventilation & air-conditioning) systems. PD responds to local climate and site conditions to maximise building users’ comfort and health, whilst minimising energy use. It has resulted in the development of a range of technologies in the field of lighting and ventilation.
Area Machinery Systems
HVAC 62 Hotel Services
Galley 6 Lighting (halogen) Entertainment & AV Nav & Communications
2 1
Table 1: Auxiliary Load profile breakdown [2]
Roy et al [1] used the Ecological Accounting (EA) process as a diagnostic tool on a 110m superyacht, and identified that HVAC systems accounted for 62% of the energy consumed by auxiliary loads, as shown in Table 1. Similarly the theoretical analyse of a 110ft catamaran operating in the Caribbean identified HVAC
©2013: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects
11 4
% of total load 14
Innovative structures such as The Lanchester Library, Coventry University and The Queen's Building, De Montfort University, that function without the use of air conditioning in spite of high internal heat gains [3], demonstrate the potential of PD in large structures. The significant success of PD within architecture, symbolised by the emergence of net zero energy buildings, has helped to promote interest in PD within the marine industry. Given the potential of PD to provide TOIs solutions to reduce HVAC loads in the marine industry.
= (1)
Research into future regulatory constraints indicates that the IMO intends to implement EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index) shown in Equation 1 as a mandatory compliance by 2014. The
basic formula shows the
relationship between CO2 emissions and work done[4]. The EEDI is considered to be the first regulation to implement CO2 standards on a global
field. The
regulation will require most new ships to be 10% more efficient beginning 2015, 20% more efficient by 2020 and 30% more efficient from 2025 [5].
Although this only applies to vessels above 400 tonnes it suggests that efficiency, and in turn a reduction in associated penalties, is high on the marine industry agenda[2]. Individual Flag Administrations will implement EEDI. This implementation process will be promoted by the projected CO2 and Energy savings
C-25
and lighting to be the most energy intensive auxiliary loads [2].
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