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Trans RINA, Vol 155, Part C1, Intl J Marine Design, Jan -Jun 2013


In the modern marine environment, congestion within port areas is a common feature. The increasing accident rate supports the need to address issues surrounding traffic management and the simultaneous commercial drive to enhance efficiency (Yip, 2008). This drive for increased efficiency and the extension of operating envelopes will also means further increases in vessel congestion within littoral and port regions.


Traffic


management schemes are a potential solution but unlike the aviation industry, are rare in the maritime sector. One of the few examples is the traffic separation scheme within the English Channel. Furthermore, the increasing number and speed development


of vessels will require the of enhanced communication efficiency


between vessels and shore-based control establishments. The development of automated data integration (e.g. AIS and radar) will assist in vessel de-confliction, but solutions for optimising the display of such data will be required, as have been developed for Air Traffic Control (ATC). In addition the ATC sector has developed support tools such as the Airborne Separation Assistance Scheme (ASAS) and the concept of dynamic density as an indicator of air traffic complexity for use as a planning tool. The development of systems will


require the


support of the maritime community at large but it also has potential benefits of enhancing safety (e.g. anti piracy) in addition to the maintenance of safe separation between vessels.


In 4. CONCLUSIONS 3.


Taking a wider, systemic approach to the control of ships and treating them as a JCS begins to open up many opportunities. Design options can be considered from a cognitive, operational perspective and not from one predicated upon historical precedent.


For example in


submarines, design options that consider the control of the reactors from a workstation in the control room can be evaluated in terms of data presentation; information flow and DSA.


accomplished in a manoeuvring room remote from the control


room.


Currently reactor management is Even more radical


solutions which


completely remove reactor control functions from separate engineering teams and integrate them into the navigation and control functions can also investigated.


Taking an even wider perspective, a JCS approach provides a useful framework for the communication,


analysis Design options looking at not of


functions for highly automated fleets of vessels with lean/minimal crewing unmanned vessels.


the


distribution of cognitive functions across the vessel; shore-based surveillance facilities and company management can be examined to ensure all perspectives are covered,


but


Approaching the problem from a JCS perspective allows for a complete re-appraisal of all functions.


unnecessarily replicated. Simple


navigation, surveillance and control or completely autonomous


5. 4. other words, such a vessel


management scheme would begin to extend the bounds of a JCS beyond the vessel itself.


5. 1.


REFERENCES Civil Aviation


Resource Management


Authority (2006). (CRM)


Crew Training:


Guidance For Flight Crew, CRM Instructors (CRMIS)


(CRMIES) (CAP 737). London: Civil Aviation Authority.


2.


DOBBINS, T., HARRIS, D., SMOKER, A., HILL, J.,


FORSMAN, DAHLMAN, J. & STARK,


F., BRAND, J. (2010).


Environment. T. High


Speed Craft Command and Control: A Model of Navigation and Crew Interaction to Enhance Performance and Safety in the Harsh Shock and Vibration Maritime


presented at NAV-10: The Navigation Conference and Exhibition. 30th November – 2nd December, London: The Royal Institute of Navigation.


ENDSLEY, M.R. & JONES, W.M. (2001). A Model


of Inter and Intra-Team Situation


Awareness: Implications for Design, Training and Measurement. and M.R. Endsley


In, M. McNeese, E. Salas (Eds) New Trends in


Cooperative Activities: Understanding System Dynamics in Complex Environments (pp. 46- 67).


Santa Monica CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.


ENDSLEY, M.R. (1995). Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems. Human Factors, 37, 32-64. HARRIS,


Predicting the Successful Transfer Technology


6.


7. 8.


between Application Areas; a


Critical Evaluation of the Human Component in the System. Technology in Society, 26, 551-565.


HOLLNAGEL, E. (2007). Flight Decks and Free Flight: Where are the System Boundaries? Applied Ergonomics, 38, 409-416).


HUTCHINS, E. (1995). Cognition in the Wild. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.


KANKI, B.G. & PALMER, M.T. (1993). In, E.L. Wiener, B.G. Kanki and R.L. Helmreich (Eds.) Cockpit Resource Management (pp. 99- 136). San Diego CA: Academic Press.


D. & HARRIS, F.J. (2004). of


Paper and CRM Instructor-Examiners


automation replaces human functions with machines; a JCS approach allows for a new approach, avoiding such an ‘electric horse’ trap.


The treatment of the next generation of modern ships as distributed systems demonstrates the new Human Factors thinking. Not only can this approach enhance safety, it also has the potential to reduce through life costs. However, this can only be realised by the use of such a systemic line of attack. The old days where Human Factors/Ergonomics was simply concerned with user centred design are now long dead in the water.


C-8


©2013: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects


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