Adjusting Structure and Strengthening Management
In the early 1990s, China did not export any investment castings, but by 1993, exporting began and developed rapidly over the next decade. Most commercial castings produced in the silica sol process are exported from China and have developed rapidly (Fig. 1). China’s investment casting industry was severely affected
during the international financial crisis due to its larger share of exports. In addition, the rise of the Chinese economy, especially the rapid development of domestic aviation com- panies, the equipment manufacturing industry and infra- structure, has opened up a broader domestic market for the investment casting industry. To ensure its healthy develop- ment, the Chinese Foundry Association (CFA) believes the industry should enhance the development of the domestic market and increase its proportion appropriately.
Adjustment of Products
Te investment casting process can produce complex cast- ings with precision. Internationally, investment castings are divided into two major types: • high quality and high value-added products, such as invest- ment castings for aerospace and industrial gas turbines;
• general industrial investment castings. Te investment casting industries in Europe and North
America have been producing mainly the first type of prod- ucts over the years, so a gap lies between China and Europe and North America in this respect (Fig. 2). Te investment casing process can produce all kinds of
complex casting alloy parts with precision. Foreign invest- ment casting firms produce many different types of alloys but are mainly focused on high-price, high-temperature alloys and titanium alloy products. China’s investment castings are more concentrated in relatively low-priced carbon steel and stainless steel products. A comparison of alloy types of Chi- nese and U.S. investment castings is shown in Table 2. Te CFA believes the industry’s correct path of develop-
ment will involve improving product grades (not just repeat- edly expanding the original grade), producing high value- added products and producing all kinds of alloy products. Te production problems for civil castings in the aviation, aerospace, military and other fields are not only related to raising the level of production technology and equipment but also to the clear market channels and production licenses. However, some factories have made great efforts to solve those problems step-by-step.
Adjusting Customer and Product Development Structure
Some enterprises focus on domestic and overseas custom- ers and make efforts to stabilize old customers while striving to develop new customers. A single customer’s production
融危机中受到很大的冲 击。另一方面，中国 经济的崛起，特别是 国内航空航天的快速发 展，国家推进装备制造 业振兴，基础设施高度 发展等，都为熔模精铸
业开辟了更广阔的市场机遇。行业应提倡加强国内市场 的开发，适当增加国内市场的比例，以保证全行业健康 地发展。
调整产品结构
熔模精密铸造能生产精密复杂铸件，是一种先进生 产工艺。从国际上看其产品有两大类：1. 高质量高附加 值产品，如航天航空用熔模铸件、工业燃气轮机涡轮用 熔模铸件等。2. 一般工业用熔模铸件。多年来欧美熔模 精铸业一直以第一类产品为主，在这方面我国的差距很 大，见图2。产品结构的调整就是要努力生产高质量熔 模精铸件。
熔模精密铸造可生产各种合金的精密复杂件。国外熔 模精密铸造产品的合金种类很多，而且是以高价位的高 温合金、钛合金等为主。但我国熔模精密铸造产品却多 集中在相对价位低的碳钢和不锈钢上。表2是中美熔模 精密铸造产品合金种类比较。
提高产品档次，生产高附加值产品，生产各种合金产 品，这才是行业发展的正确道路。不能只在原有档次上 反复扩产，应注意提高产品档次。当然产品从民用到航 空、航天、军工等领域，这不仅是生产技术和装备水平 提高的问题，还牵涉到市场渠道疏通和生产许可证等问 题。但有的工厂经多方努力已逐步解决了这方面问题。
调整客户结构
客户结构是所有企业都重视的，有的企业国内外客 户一起抓；尽力稳定老客户，努力开辟新客户；单一客 户的产能占用不允许超过30％，使集团有调整客户结 构、产品结构、订单结构的能力。在开辟新客户上，该 集团2008年新获国家民用核安全设备制造许可证。也 有企业在市场需求上升时，并没有大规模扩大产能，而 是抓住成品加工，将部分精铸毛坯定单外协，在危机来 临精铸任务不足时，又将放出的定单收回，生产没受到 太大影响。
调整经营开发结构
熔模精铸企业都是在市场上接定单生产的，从某种 程度上讲，对产品结构优化是处于被动地位，从而也影
Summer 2011
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