2007, accounting for nearly 50% of China’s total production. It is estimated that
Table 1. Three Types of Investment Casting Companies (2007)
表1 2007年三类精铸企业概况 Types 类型
High-level investment castings
more than 40 export- oriented manufactur- ers have annual sales more than RMB 100 million ($15.4 million) or output of more than 100 tons per month. Such enterprises account for 5-8%, and their output makes up one- third of all Chinese investment casters. Te large companies are improving technology to shift from producing stainless steel pipe fittings and hardware to mass producing automo- tive and mechanical parts with high precision and internal quality. Casting testing equipment has increased, and the technology will mature further. Most export-oriented enterprises have a single-order
market. Teir products are generally pieces of civilian goods and less focused on stainless steel and alloy type. Te international financial crisis has had a big impact on
commercial casting exports. In 2009, foreign orders sharply declined, and the output and value of precision casting exports decreased by 30 to 50%. In 2010, the market turned around, and its value has come back to the pre-crisis level.
The Imbalance of Sodium Silicate Mold Shell Investment Casting
Sodium silicate investment casting companies are one of the
main forces of the Chinese investment casting industry. Tese companies consisted of about 1,600 manufacturers in 2007, reported an annual output value of RMB 12 billion ($1.8 bil- lion) and accounted for 42% of all Chinese investment casting. Te process developed out of technology from the former
Soviet Union in the late 1950s. Over the next 50 years, the sodium silicate mold shell investment casting process has taken on Chinese characteristics. Te process produces castings below the precision and quality found in high-level investment casting and commercial precision casting enter- prises but more complex than resin sand castings, which are widely used in automobile, engineering machinery, railway, marine, agricultural machinery, valves, mining machinery and other industries. In recent years, some large-scale plants with output of more than 10,000 tons have been built, and the industry has worked to mechanize production, reduce energy use and protect the environment. During the international economic crisis, domestic
manufacturers of sodium silicate castings for the automotive, railway, construction machinery and other sectors were not affected and instead achieved rapid development under the stimulation of national macroeconomic policies. For good or bad market conditions, the business environ- ment of Chinese investment casting is changing. Te com- petition for business is increasing, accompanied by growing pressure for energy efficiency and environmental protection and rising labor costs. Te investment casting industry has shifted from a period of rapid development to one of struc- tural adjustment.
Export-oriented commercial investment castings 出口商用精铸件
Sodium silicate mold shell investment casting 水玻璃型壳精铸件
# of Factories Output Value (billion) 60
530 1,600
2.8 14
12
技术水平也在提 升，从初期仅生产 不锈钢管配件和五 金件，发展到部分 龙头企业已能大批 量生产尺寸精度要 求较高、内部质量
有要求的汽车零件及机械零件，铸件检测设备增加，工 艺技术进一步在成熟。
但出口精铸企业大多全部产品面向出口，定单市场单 一；产品以不锈钢为主、合金种类较少；产品均为一般 民用商品件。国际金融危机对出口商用精铸企业冲击很 大，2009年国外定单剧减，出口精铸企业的产量和产 值下降约30%~50%。2010年市场回暖，产值恢复到金 融危机前的水平。
水玻璃型壳精铸业发展不平衡
水玻璃型精铸企业是中国熔模精铸业的主力军之 一。2007年厂家数约1600家，年产值120亿，占三类 精铸工艺总产值的42％。
该工艺是上世纪五十年代末受前苏联技术影响而形 成的。五十多年来，我国技术人员对水玻璃型壳精铸工 艺进行多方面的改进和创新，从而形成有中国特色的熔 模铸造工艺。它生产的铸件虽不及高水平精铸企业和商 用精铸企业的铸件精密、质量好，但比树脂砂铸件要精 密复杂，已广泛用于汽车、工程机械、铁路、船用、农 机、阀门、矿山机械等各行业。近年来出现一些规模大 的万吨大厂，这些厂在机械化生产及节能、环保上做了 不少工作。
在国际经济危机的环境下，面向汽车、铁路、工程机 械等行业的内销水玻璃铸造企业没有受到影响，反而在 国家宏观政策的刺激下，取得较快发展。 以上不同类型企业，无论市场形势好与坏，企业经营 的环境都在发生着变化。产品竞争日趋激烈，节能、环 保压力日趋增大，劳动力价格日趋提高。行业已经从高 速发展的时期转到一个结构调整的时期。
调结构抓管理
熔模精铸业的市场为国内市场和国外市场两个大 市场。在20世纪90年代初，我国尚没有出口熔模 件，1993年才开始批量出口，但十多年来出口铸件增长 迅速。硅溶胶工艺商业铸件企业绝大多数是面向国际市 场。而这些年发展很快，见图1。
国外市场份额偏高，它使得我国熔模铸造业在国际金 38 |
FOUNDRY-PLANET.COM | MODERN CASTING | CHINA FOUNDRY ASSOCIATION Summer 2011
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