62 N. Shrestha et al.
FIG. 1 Panauti Municipality, showing the 25 600 × 600 m grid squares in which we conducted camera-trap surveys, and the 11 squares in which we recorded the Chinese pangolin Manis pentadactyla. Each such grid square was divided into 0.01 km2 plots (see text for details).
TABLE 1 Independent Chinese pangolin Manis pentadactyla video footage events recorded in 11 of the 25 surveyed grid squares in community forests in Panauti Municipality, Kavrepalanchok dis- trict, Nepal (Fig. 1), with grid square number, number of events, duration and dates.
Grid square number
3
20 24 27
29 33 41 42 43
59 60
Total
Number of video footage events
2 1
1 4
1 1 1 1 2
1 1
16
Duration (s)
72 15
31 828
15 18 10 20
257 72
10 1,348 Date
9 Sep. 2022, 15 Sep. 2022 31 Oct. 2022 17 Nov. 2022
10 Nov. 2022, 12 Nov. 2022, 16 Nov. 2022, 17 Nov. 2022 15 Nov. 2022 23 Nov. 2022 25 Jan. 2023 24 Dec. 2022
31 Dec. 2022, 31 Dec. 2022 13 Jan. 2023 15 Jan. 2023
technical problems. After surveying a set of three squares, the cameras were deployed in three new squares. This rotation was continued until all 25 squares had been surveyed. After the survey, camera traps were retrieved and videos were downloaded and archived, noting the dates and locations of any videos of pangolins. Only the Chinese pangolin was re- corded (the Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata also occurs in Nepal), identified by its distinctive external ears, small scales on the head, and soft, off-white hair on the underside and face (Wu et al., 2020). We walked a total of 38.4 km searching for indirect signs
such as pugmarks, scats and scratch marks, and identifying burrows to set up camera-traps. A total of 75 100 × 100 m plots across the 25 600 × 600 m squares (i.e. three plots per square) were surveyed, resulting in a total of 803 trap-days. A total of 16 independent Chinese pangolin events, defined as pangolin activity documented by a camera trap, with a minimum 60-minute interval between triggers (Rovero & Zimmermann, 2016;Matthews et al., 2023), were recorded in 13 plots within 11 of the 25 squares (Fig. 1, Table 1). As it is not possible to identify individual Chinese pangolins from camera-trap images or videos, we could not determine the number of pangolins captured. These captureswere in six
Oryx, 2025, 59(1), 61–64 © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605324000450
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140
