FERTILISER
Essential Non Nutritional Elements
Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen
C O H
Essential Nutritional Elements Primary Macronutrients Nitrogen
N
Phosphorus Potassium
P K
Essential Elements within a Plant’s System Role within plant
Primarily sourced from water and carbon dioxide which are then reacted with light energy to produce plant food in the form of carbohydrates. Water and oxygen are also produced as by-products. This process is called oxygenic photosynthesis.
Necessary for plant cell division, nitrogen is used for the growth of leaves, stems and roots. A major component of chlorophyll, nitrogen plays a direct role in photosynthesis, carbohydrate production and energy reactions. Nitrogen is also a component of plant vitamins and amino acids.
Required for photosynthesis, respiration, processing of organic compounds, energy processing reactions (ATP), cell division, cell enlargement and genetic transfer. Phosphorus promotes early root formation, growth and maturity.
Plays an important role in photosynthesis, metabolic regulation, activates enzymes, metabolises carbohydrates, and stabilises plant pH. Potassium also enables the opening and closing of stomata, which is essential for water and nutrient transport and plant cooling. Responsible for protein synthesis, root growth and disease resistance.
Secondary Macronutrients Magnesium
Mg Calcium Ca
The central atom in the chlorophyll molecule, it is vital within the process of photosynthesis. Synthesises amino acids and cell proteins, regulates vitamin concentrations, assists stress tolerance, builds enzymes, forms plant oils and fats, and increases iron utilisation.
Used within the structure of the plant cell wall, it is vital to the healthy development and growth of new tissue. It increases resistance to abiotic and biotic stress and contributes to normal root development. It plays a major role in hormone regulation and protein stimulation, leading to increased uptake of other nutrients. Improves function of stomata, enhancing water efficiency and resistance to heat stress. Calcium is often limited in dry soils or if the plant is growing rapidly.
Sulphur S
Primarily used in the formation of amino acids. Sulphur is also necessary for chlorophyll formation and plays a role in the active metabolisation of nitrogen. Important in food, enzyme and chlorophyll production. Increasingly deficient due to clean air laws reducing the amount of sulphur in the atmosphere, which would have been carried into soils as acid rain.
Essential Micronutrients Zinc
Zn
Manganese Copper Iron
Boron Molybdenum
Mn Cu Fe B
Mo
Plays an important role in hormone production, particularly auxins. Zinc is necessary for starch formation, root development, internode elongation and the formation of chlorophyll and carbohydrates. Zinc is also involved in mechanisms supporting cold temperature tolerance. Zinc deficiencies are difficult to diagnose, leading to ‘hidden hunger’.
Plays a major role in photosynthesis through the assimilation of carbon dioxide and electron transport required to split water molecules. Manganese plays a role in respiration, nitrogen assimilation, root cell elongation and resistance to root pathogens.
Copper activates enzymes required for lignin synthesis. It is also required for electron transport in photosynthesis, mitochondrial respiration, stress response, hormone signalling, iron mobilisation, the metabolisation and transport of carbohydrates and proteins.
Iron is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll and is essential for chloroplast and mitochondrial function due to its role within the electron transport chain. Thus, it is required for a wide range of biological functions including enzyme activation and plant respiration.
Contributes towards cell wall strength, membrane function, cell division, antioxidants and metabolic pathways involved in sugar transportation and hormone development. Boron is also co-related to functions associated with nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and calcium.
Required in very small quantities, molybdenum is an essential plant nutrient required as a component of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase, two enzymes which convert nitrate into nitrite and then into ammonia, which is is then synthesised into sulphur containing amino acids and sugars. Molybdenum is also essential for the conversion of inorganic phosphorous into organic forms. Unusually for a plant nutrient, molybdenum becomes unavailable as soil pH decreases.
Silicon Si
Silicon is a biologically active element which associates with and triggers enzymes and proteins involved in plant defence mechanisms increasing tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as micronutrient toxicities. Silicon associates with cell wall components increasing stem strength. Leaves containing good levels of silicon are known to have higher resistance to attack by pests and disease.
Biotic stress Is stress that occurs as a result of damage done to plants by other living organisms.
Abiotic stress
Is stress which occurs as a result of environmental factors such as drought, waterlogging, extremes of temperature, salinity and mineral toxicity.
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