LIST OF FIGURES


Figure 1.1.1: The Circular Economy ................................................................................................................................................. 25 Figure 1.2.1: Overview and examples of interlinkages between the environment and human health .............................................. 30 Figure 1.2.2: Examples of actions and techniques available to increase adaptive capacity ................................................................33 Figure 1.2.3: Biodiversity is the fundament for all life on the planet ................................................................................................ 34 Figure 1.2.4: Examples of pathways and mediators between natural landscapes and health ........................................................... 35 Figure 1.2.5: Concentrations of PM10


in 2013 ....................................................................................................................................37


Figure 1.2.6: Proportion of the 2010 population that gained access to sanitation facilities since 2005 ............................................. 38 Figure 1.2.7: Types of chemicals addressed by policies and plans in the region ............................................................................... 39


Figure 1.2.8: Implications of changes in per-capita food supply for cropland requirements, per capita and million hectares in Southern Europe and Northern Europe ......................................................................................................................40


Figure 1.2.9: Percentage of population being urbanised in each country, 2010 ................................................................................ 41 Figure 1.2.10: A model of environment-health interactions in cities ..................................................................................................42


Figure 2.2.1: Overview of the links between different impacts of climate change: from physical effects to impacts on bio-geo- physical and anthropic systems and on health ............................................................................................................ 50


Figure 2.2.2a and b: Recent and projected regional trends in temperature and precipitation. ............................................................. 51 Figure 2.2.3: Territorial and consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions in pan-European sub-regions, 1990–2013 ..................... 54 Figure 2.2.4: Key observed and projected impacts from climate change for the main regions in Europe ......................................... 56 Figure 2.2.5: Top five adaptation priorities in the pan-European region .......................................................................................... 59 Figure 2.3.1:


Baltic Sea, ship routes and traffic density .................................................................................................................... 65


Figure 2.3.2: Emission trends in the ECE region (excluding Canada and the United States of America) ............................................ 67 Figure 2.3.3: Western and Central Europe and South Eastern Europe, annual average PM2.5


values ................................................. 70


Figure 2.3.4: Primary sources of indoor air pollution ....................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 2.4.1: Current measure of species richness for mammals, amphibians, and birds in the pan-European region ...................... 81 Figure 2.4.2: Current endemic species of mammals, amphibians and birds ..................................................................................... 81 Figure 2.4.3: Seagrass regression across the Mediterranean Sea ..................................................................................................... 82 Figure 2.4.4: Some selected key institutions, instruments, and frameworks for European Biodiversity Policy ................................. 87


Figure 2.4.5: Important Bird Areas (IBA) and Alliance for Zero Extinction sites (AZE) sites fully covered by protected areas in the pan-European region, 1900-2010 ......................................................................................................................88


Figure 2.5.1: Municipal solid waste generated per person, or household waste collected per person, the pan-European region, 2004 and 2012 ............................................................................................................................................................ 93


Figure 2.5.2: Hazardous waste generation for countries in the pan-European region, as reported in the Basel Convention National Reports, 37 countries (others not available) (Basel Convention National Reports 2014; 2013; 2012). ............................ 95


Figure 2.5.3: Domestic WEEE generation (calculated from EEE trade data) in 50 countries of the pan-European region, 2014 ........ 97 Figure 2.6.1: Spatial distribution of annual runoff trends a) Annual mean flow, and b) Summer low flow ........................................105


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