USSR Source: adapted from Lioubimtseva et al. 2013
decline. Barley has been a significant secondary crop, but declines in area harvested began in the mid-1970s and further accelerated through the mid-1990s. Rye, which is largely restricted to the Russian Federation, has declined substantially since 1991, and shows no evidence of recovery. Maize continues to be a minor crop regionally, but the harvested area has been increasing steadily since the mid- 1990s, particularly in Ukraine (Lioubimtseva et al. 2013).
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Crisis of the livestock sector in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
The loss of pasturelands occurred at an even larger scale as compared to arable lands. Between 1992 and 2006, the Russian Federation lost almost half of its meat production: the number of cattle dropped from nearly 20 million to 10.3 million heads, the number of pigs fell from more than 36.3 million to 18.7 million, and the number of sheep dropped from