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1.2 to 3 million jobs (WRAP 2015). How well and quickly adequate skills and education for the circular economy can be developed will be decisive to realise the benefits (EEA 2016).


Video: “Re-thinking Progress: The Circular Economy”


The hierarchy of waste management is a cornerstone of the EU Waste Framework Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC) (EC 2015f). Its five-step waste hierarchy defines the following prioritization: Prevention, Preparing for re-use, Recycling, Other recovery (e.g. energy recovery), and Disposal (Figure-L2 31).


Figure-L2 31: Waste management hierarchy according to the EU Waste Framework Directive


PRODUCT (NON-WASTE) WASTE PREVENTION


PREPARING FOR RE-USE RECYCLING


RECOVERY DISPOSAL


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCRKvDyyHmI Source: EC 2015a


81: Waste hierarchy The waste management hierarchy, or waste hierarchy, indicates the prioritization of waste management options. It is often visualized in the form of an inverted pyramid, with the most preferred option on top. Different versions of the waste hierarchy exist, depending on the region, country or context. The common element is that waste prevention stands on top of the hierarchy, suggesting that prevention of the generation of waste should be considered a key priority. At the bottom of the hierarchy, indicating the least preferred option, sits disposal of waste that cannot be prevented or valorised – landfilling or incineration without energy recovery.


Recognition of the waste management hierarchy (prevention, minimization, reuse, recycling, other recovery including energy recovery, and final disposal) is a guiding principle of the strategic framework for the implementation of the Basel Convention (Basel Convention 2011) to encourage treatment options that deliver the best overall environmental outcome under consideration of a life-cycle perspective.


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An example can illustrate some of the challenge in managing complex waste streams. The EU Waste Framework Directive gives an option of managing any risks associated with waste so that it can be moved up the hierarchy and turned into a product. The end-of-waste process, however, is interpreted differently among Member States. For example, in the UK, a waste can be made into a lawful product; in France, once a waste has entered a waste treatment facility, every fraction or stream leaving this facility is still legally considered as waste – to obtain a national end of waste recognition for a specific stream, the operator has to prove that risks can be managed and are not higher than the ones generated by the use of the virgin (original) product or substance; and in Norway, a waste can only be a product if it has been completely detoxified by the removal of all potential contaminants, even if they are not mobile. As a result, specific wastes can only be processed into products in some EU countries, which is an impediment to the introduction of a circular economy and a disincentive to companies to develop and implement new risk management options for waste. The circular economy package adopted by


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