42:
Other key EU air quality related policies
The Integrated Pollution Prevention Control Directive (European Parliament & European Council 2008b) and the Large Combustion Plants Directive (European Parliament & European Council 2001b) have mainstreamed the best available technologies into the industrial and power supply sectors. The associated health improvements as a result of these policies are in the range of a 30–90 per cent reduction in years of life lost in EU countries between 1990 and 2005 (EEA 2010e).
EU vehicle emission standards (European Council 1991) have been setting ever tighter limits for all new vehicles sold in the EU since 1992. In the light of recent controversy over vehicle emission standards (Thompson et al. 2014; Weiss et al. 2013; Weiss et al. 2011), past claims of policy effectiveness are likely to be revisited and reduced. Nevertheless, this may be a critical turning point for both policy-makers and the automotive industry in a transition to cleaner and more climate-friendly transportation. Various authorities are expanding the scope of emission tests, and tests are being re-designed to better reflect real-world driving conditions.
43:
Bicycle traffic in Moscow
Moscow City government’s Transport Department has developed a special programme to connect all districts in the inner city by cycle paths. According to this programme, about 150 kilometres of bicycle paths will be built in Moscow by 2016. In parallel, 10 000 bicycle parking places are to be built and the number of bicycle rental hubs/stations, currently more than 50, is increasing rapidly.
44:
Biodiversity and ecosystems Eurobarometer
According to the European Commission (2013e) Flash Eurobarometer only 44 per cent of the people interviewed are acquainted with the term “biodiversity” and know what it means; nonetheless, familiarity with the term has increased in 18 Member States (EC 2013e). Ninety-six per cent of people in the EU believe that the pollution of air and water and man-made disasters pose a threat to nature. Nine in ten people believe that the decline of forests, climate change, the endangering and disappearance of animals, the decline of natural habitats and the endangering of some plants are all serious problems. A large proportion sees the importance of halting species loss. Women are more likely than men to agree that it is a moral obligation to protect species (80 per cent compared with 73 per cent), and older respondents are more likely to do so than younger respondents. Sixty-five per cent agree that the EU should increase protected areas for nature (EC 2013e).
45: Pan-European biodiversity hotspots PR poster from Moscow advertising the use of bicycle paths 226
The Mediterranean hotspot harbours the genus Abies with nine endemic species (50 other species are widespread in the pan-European region, Asia and North America) (Quézel and Medail 2003). For reptiles, 77 of 228 species are endemic, as well as with four genera being endemic – Algyroides, Trogonophis, Macroscincus and Gallotia. Among mammals, there are two species of special conservation value: the monk seal (Monachus monachus) and the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). The lynx seems to represent a conservation success and in 2014, Europe’s once rarest mammal species was moved by IUCN from “critically endangered” to “endangered”, as the population showed signs of recovery and has been increasing in numbers (Simón 2012).
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