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cognitive function especially among children (Basner et al. 2014; Babisch 2002). The association between noise and sleep disturbance, annoyance and cardiovascular disease may be responsible for a large burden of disease (WHO 2011) and initial health impact assessments (HIAs) suggest that the health burden from noise is similar to that from air pollution (Stansfeld 2015; Tétreault et al. 2013). Noise is also associated with tinnitus (Axelsson and Prasher 2000) which can have deleterious effects on quality of life.


Figure-L2 6: Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to environmental noise exposure in the region. Most of these DALYs can be attributed to noise-induced sleep disturbance and annoyance


1 000 000 900 000 800 000 700 000 600 000 500 000 400 000 300 000 200 000 100 000 0


903 000


to be of a high acoustic quality, i.e. free from noise pollution, they should be protected by appropriate action plans.


Policies and actions to reduce noise levels in the everyday environment are needed. Environmental noise exposure should be regulated and reduced ideally at source, and exposure limits should be enforced to mitigate negative health consequences of chronic exposure. Educational campaigns for children and adults can promote both noise- avoiding and noise-reducing behaviour, and thus, mitigate negative health consequences (Basner et al. 2014).


14:


Highly toxic chemicals: lead, asbestos, mercury and POPs


654 000


Lead is a highly toxic chemical and elevated blood lead concentration has detrimental effects on neuropsychological function and cognitive function among children (Muldoon et al. 1996). Fortunately, lead levels have declined in the pan- European region over past decades and so have their health impacts. Nonetheless, there is still cause for concern and in order to identify how to reduce the concentrations further, there is a need for monitoring and data gathering on lead in soil and house dust, as well as diet and drinking water, as these are causal exposure sources with a longer lead half-life than air.


61 000 45 000 22 000


Partly due to degraded living environments, higher lead level exposure is linked with lower socio-economic situation (SES) (Peters et al. 2011). There is an interrelated role of lead burden and SES over a lifetime in relation to healthy functioning in older age and health inequalities. An extended and more harmonized surveillance system monitoring blood-lead levels, especially in children, is required in order to identify, quantify, and reduce remaining sources of exposure (Section 2.5).


Health outcome Source: Basner et al. 2014


In the EU the Environmental Noise Directive (END) requires action plans to be drawn up for the major transport sources and the largest urban areas, which should aim to reduce the impact of noise upon the affected population. Where areas are found


200


Mercury is a highly toxic compound, especially to children, also causing cognitive impairment. Exposure to mercury can be high in certain locations where risks of higher contamination of the environment and food sources occur, in addition to exposure to mercury in consumer products. Mercury uptake, through consumption of fish, still poses a problem in some countries with high fish consumption, for example Spain (Domingo et al. 2007).


Sleep disturbance Noise annoyance Ishaemnic heart desease


Cognitive impairement (children)


Tinnitus


DALYs


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