Pollutant
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Benzene (C6 Ozone (O3
) H6 )
Concentration 10 mg/m3
Averaging period
Maximum daily 8 hour mean
5 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 1 year
Maximum daily 8 hour mean
Arsenic (As)
Cadmium (Cd) Nickel (Ni)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
6 ng/m3 5 ng/m3 20 ng/m3 1 ng/m3
(expressed as
concentration of Benzo(a) pyrene)
39: Low emission zones
Roughly 200 cities in nine EU countries operate low-emission zones (LEZs) or are preparing for their introduction, mainly to help meet EU health-based air quality limits. Vehicles may be banned from an LEZ, or in some cases charged to enter one, if their emissions exceed a defined level. The introduction LEZs may assist in reducing PM10 concentrations and exceedances of the EU PM10 air quality standard. The AIRUSE (2013) report concludes: “With respect to human health, the most important result is a reduction of carbonaceous particles and ultrafine particle concentrations”. Figure-L2 17 shows an example from the German capital Berlin.
Compared with black carbon emissions, which have been reduced by 58 per cent in Berlin, PM10 emissions have fallen by only 3 per cent, and nitrogen oxides by 20 per cent. Measurements in the city of Leipzig have shown similar trends for ambient concentrations, confirming that human exposure will be reduced. Trend analyses suggest a decrease in black carbon and concentrations of particles 50–100 nanometres
in diameter near roads. The study concluded that an LEZ can be very effective in reducing ambient concentrations of health-related particulate matter parameters, such as black carbon and the number of particles, even if the beneficial effects are not directly evident from the legal parameter for PM10 mass concentration (Rasch et al. 2013).
40:
UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
The UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) is unique, worldwide, in that it closely links scientific evidence with regulatory policy, notably via its integrated multi-pollutant, multi-effect approach to identifying and implementing the most cost-effective air pollution policies. This Convention, alongside WHO standards, has contributed to improving air quality in many parts of the region.
The Convention has been joined by most countries in Western and Central Europe, but not by countries in Eastern
223
1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year
### 1.01.2005
Permitted Legal nature
exceedances each year
n/a
#### 1.1.2010** Target value entered into force 1.1.2010
n/a
25 days averaged over 3 years
Target value entered into force 31.12.2012 Target value entered into force 31.12.2012 Target value entered into force 31.12.2012 Target value entered into force 31.12.2012
n/a n/a n/a n/a
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