Vol. 71, No.1 Spring 2026 92 telling of the events.


As Robert Stern describes, the specifi c battles, including the actions of the specifi c commanders and pilots, and details on losses of personnel and of equipment. T is allows for a unique comparison to verify the accounting of the various attacking and defensive moves. He points out discrepancies in the reported numbers from each side and reconciles the balance sheets from the action reports. In some cases, he points out that a one-hundred-percent accurate picture is impossible because of missing and contradictory data.


While the main emphasis is on the actual battle actions, the author provides details on the construction of the ships; the pros and cons of equipment (such as the types of radars used by both sides); and how they aff ected the outcomes. He also discusses the personalities involved and provides explanations of why the specifi c people took the actions they did.


For the historian interested in a detailed nautical narrative, this book would be an important source of information. For the modeler, the details of ship construction gleaned from the descriptions of the ships’ damage can provide


insight into the design of the carriers, planes, and ships in use at the time. For the general reader and as general information, this book provides an insight into the fl uidity of battles, the uncertainty of intelligence such as ship locations in a vast ocean, and the unquantifi able value luck has on the battlefi eld.


— Robert Chenoweth Aberdeen, North Carolina


Japanese Aircraſt Carriers, 1920-1945 By Ermanno Martino


Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing, 2025 Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2025 9-1/2” x 11-1/4”, hardcover, 128 pages


Photographs, drawings, tables. Index. $65.00 ISBN: 978-1682477823


T e Imperial Japanese Navy aircraſt carriers of 1922 to


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