Nautical Research Journal Technical Appendix Notes for modelers
Measurements: T ere were discrepancies between contemporary measurements;
tonnage
estimates exceeded cross-checks between Bombay Presidency customs returns (c. 1790-1830) and French naval surveys (1830s).
• Decoration: Baghlahs and ghanjahs were frequently decorated with quarter galleries, which were painted using very vivid reds and blues, and their sterns were deeply carved.
• Sail geometry: Sails were not triangular but trapezoidal; they were not always shorter than hull length.
• Crew size: It was tied to the route; marine personnel needed many more men (armed guards, etcetera) on an ocean voyage, whereas even coasting sambuks could command fi ve to seven men.
References
Allen, Calvin H., Oman: T e Modernization of the Sultanate. Boulder: Westview Press, 1987.
Clarence-Smith, William G., T e T ird Portuguese Empire, 1825-1975: An Economic Imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985.
Coupland, Reginald, East Africa and Its Invaders, From the Earliest Times up to the Death of Seyyid Said in 1856. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1938.
Gilbert, Erik. Dhows and the Colonial Economy of Zanzibar 1860-1970. Oxford: James Currey, 2004.
Hawkins, Cliff ord W., T e Dhow: An Illustrated History of the Dhow and Its World. London: Nautical Publishing, 1977.
Hourani, George F., Arab Seafaring: in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Ninth revised edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Pearson, M. N., T e Indian Ocean. London: Routledge, 2003.
Sheriff , Abdul, Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar: Assimilation of an East African Commercial Empire in the World Economy, 1770–1873. London: James Currey, 1987.
Varadarajan, Lotika, In Praise of Dhows. New Delhi: National Museum, 1983.
Villiers, Alan, T e Sons of Sinbad: T e Great Tradition of Arab Seamanship in the Indian Ocean. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1940.
Ishraq Ahmed Hashmi is a researcher, journalist, and media professional with over twenty-fi ve years of experience working across journalism, historical research, cultural documentation, and public communication. His scholarly interests focus on maritime history, Indian Ocean trade networks, and the cultural exchanges linking South Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, and East Africa. Hashmi’s research combines archival sources, travel narratives, visual materials, and technical analysis to reconstruct traditional shipbuilding practices and maritime societies, with particular attention to the historical dhow traditions of Sindh and the wider Indian Ocean world. Alongside his historical work, he has led media initiatives and contributed extensively to public discourse on culture, international aff airs, and heritage preservation. His interdisciplinary background allows him to bridge academic research with public history and accessible storytelling. T is article refl ects his long-standing interest in indigenous maritime knowledge and the interconnected civilizations shaped by oceanic trade.
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