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Box 17.4: Case study: Demand-side management in India: affordable LED lights for all


The 2013 UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) programme in India focused on the demand-side management of residential electricity. Implemented by Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) with support from the Ministry of Power and local manufacturers, efficient LED lamps were distributed to domestic consumers at on-third of the market price. Having demonstrated success within 2-3 years, it covered high upfront costs for a large consumer base: the poorer sections of society. More than 260 million LEDs were sold, with annual savings of over 30 GWh of electricity, mitigation of around 3 million tons of CO2


LED retail market prices (US$12.28/bulb to US$3.07/bulb over 2012-2016).


The sale of new appliances provided energy savings, improved access to modern energy services, growth of domestic manufacturing to an internationally competitive business, better efficiency standards, and a growth in accredited testing laboratories and better consumer awareness. It was an example of low-carbon technology deployment, which created a large market (LED bulbs emerging as the preferred lighting option) using a bulk procurement model, with a technological advancement based on the idea of encouraging business models that could help in meeting the low-carbon emission targets at a faster rate. Domestic manufacturing has increased, and efficiency standards improved with market confidence in the product. Accredited testing laboratories have grown and consumer awareness has increased.


Empowered families had substantial money savings (over US$0.25 billion/year; household electricity bills fell 15 per cent), plus resource savings, emissions mitigation (about 3 million tons CO2


/year), improving quality of life, promoting productivity and local prosperity, and


expanding energy access. Such a bulk procurement model allowed for a massive technology advancement. UJALA is an international demand side management showcase, being applied in the second largest world market (worth US$0.33 billion/year and growing) and more recently replicated in Malaysia, also with attempts to cover more appliances, sectors, companies and regions (Chunekar, Mulay and Kelkar 2014; ET Energy World 2017; Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) and IEA 2016; Sundaramoorthy and Walia 2017; India, Ministry of Power 2018a; India, Ministry of Power 2018b).


(2015) and one of the world’s fastest reductions in


Despite a slowing trend, global energy demand may still expand by 30 per cent between 2017 and 2040 according to the International Energy Agency (IEA 2018). This amount is the equivalent of adding another China and India to today’s global energy demand. At the same time, universal access to electricity remains a challenge. Large-scale shifts in global energy systems are due to the rapid deployment and falling costs of clean energy technologies (chiefly renewables but also natural gas), the growing electrification of energy, and the shift to a more services-oriented economy. Renewable energies are expected to meet 40 per cent of the increase in primary demand, capturing two-thirds of global investment in power plants to 2040 as their costs drop, enabling policies to continue to support them, and the transformation of the power sector is amplified by millions of electricity end users investing directly in distributed solar photovoltaics, with an increasing share of smart connected devices and other digital technologies. Electrified transport will grow, pushing the global electric car fleet to 280 million by 2040, from the present 2 million. Global investment in electricity overtook oil and gas investment but the challenge of decarbonizing the global power supply remains. Natural gas plays an important role in replacing oil and coal, with 80 per cent of the projected growth in demand for natural gas taking place in developing economies and the shift towards a more flexible, liquid, global market (IEA 2018).


17.6 Towards a more circular economy


The three previous sections of this chapter illustrate some of the effects of a linear economic system on the global environment. In this section, we analyse the use of materials/ resources throughout the value chain from extraction to waste in the prevailing economic systems and examine approaches for developing a circular economy.


17.6.1 What are the most urgent changes required in the system?


For several centuries, most societies have pursued development using a linear economy model, where the majority of resources are extracted, processed, converted to products (some of which have a very short lifespan) and are then disposed of after use (commonly referred to, as the “take, make, waste” process). Within this economic model, only a small percentage of materials is reused or recycled (the exception being commodities like iron and gold). Instead, at the end of life they are considered waste and there is often a high price, financially, socially and environmentally to dispose of this waste.


17


© Shutterstock/petovarga Systemic Policy Approaches for Cross-cutting Issues 439


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