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Figure 9.18: Summary of global progress in providing basic drinking water services and disproportionate impact on women in areas still lacking access to basic drinking water services. ...................................253


Figure 9.19: Proportion of population using improved sanitation facilities in 2015. .....................................254 Figure 9.20: Location of dams and reservoirs around the world. Data include dams associated with reservoirs that have a storage capacity of more than 0.1 km³ and may not represent large dams and reservoirs that have been constructed in more recent years. .......................................................255


Figure 9.21: Morbidity (total disability-adjusted life years, DALYs) from diarrheal diseases (all ages) for females (upper graphic) and males (lower graphic), globally. .....................................................256


Figure 9.22: Hermanus Conjunctive Use. ..........................................................................261 Figure 9.23: Supply of and demand for water, Greater Hermanus, 1971-2001 and 2002-2017. ...........................262 Figure 9.24: Ramsar sites designated by year and by region. ........................................................263


Approach to Assessment of Policy Effectiveness Figure 10.1: Methodological approach for assessing policy effectiveness: top-down and bottom-up approach. ............277 Figure 10.2: Approach of assessing policy effectiveness from the bottom-up .........................................279


Policy Theory and Practice Figure 11.1: Conceptual outline of policy effectiveness analysis. .....................................................285 Figure 11.2: The policy cycle. ....................................................................................286 Figure 11.3: Results of expert perspectives on European energy efficiency policies. ....................................288


Air Policy Figure 12.1: Regional allocation of cumulative CO2


emissions. ......................................................306 Figure 12.2: Population-weighted annual country-wide mean concentration of PM2.5 in 2016. ............................316


Figure 12.3: Ozone-depleting substance consumption in ozone depletion tons in 2016. ................................317 Figure 12.4: National total GHG emissions in 2014 in MtCO2


e, including land-use change and forestry sources and sinks. ..318


Biodiversity Policy Figure 13.1: Cumulative number of countries that have adopted the NBSAPs as of 2018. ...............................325 Figure 13.2: Inshore fishing is an important source of food in Fiji, and many of these inshore areas are under traditional tenure by local communities. ........................................................................327


Figure 13.3: National Environmental Security Taskforces are direct liaisons between national bureaucracies and the INTERPOL National Central Bureau; image showing seizure of 114kg of tiger bones. ....................329


Figure 13.4: Usage of the terms containing ‘biodiversity’, ‘econo’ and ‘ecosystem services’ over time in Australian Government environment portfolio media releases (n= 3,553). Error bars indicate 95 per cent confidence intervals based on the ecosystem services framing subsample (n = 516). .................................333


Figure 13.5: The SGSV is located 100m inside a mountain on a remote island in the Svalbard archipelago, midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole, and the samples are stored at -18°C. ...............334


Figure 13.6: The City of Edmonton: the River Valley park system along the North Saskatchewan River as seen from downtown Edmonton. ...............................................................................336


Figure 13.7: Trends in national legislation relevant to the prevention or control of invasive alien species (IAS) for 196 countries reporting to the Convention on Biological Diversity (1967–2016), showing specifically the percentage of countries having a combination of: (i) IAS legislation; (ii) NBSAP targets on IAS; and (iii) IAS targets aligned with Aichi Target 9. .............................................................339


Figure 13.8: Percentage of countries whose institutions have a clear mandate and/or legal authority to manage IAS (a positive result is given by a Yes and is included in the overall percentage). ...............................339


Figure 13.9: The Red List Index (RLI) for 1980–2017 for mammals, birds and amphibians, showing the trends driven only by utilization (by only including utilized species). ...................................................340


Figure 13.10: The world Ecological Footprint by component (land type) between 1961 and 2013, measured by number of Earths. ..........................................................................................342


Oceans and Coastal Policy Figure 14.1: Coverage of Marine Protected Areas. .................................................................362 Figure 14.2: Areas of predicted deep-sea vulnerable marine ecosystems. ............................................365 Figure 14.3: Bottom-trawling and closed VMEs from 2006 to 2016. ..................................................365


Land and Soil Policy Figure 15.1: Linkage between the land-related SDG target 15.3 and other SDGs. .......................................376 Figure 15.2: The extent of the Great Green Wall in northern China. ...................................................381 Figure 15.3: Trends in land degradation and restoration worldwide. ..................................................390 Figure 15.4: Terrestrial protected area as a percentage of total land area per country (1990-2014). ......................391 Figure 15.5: Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate by region and period (1990-2015). ................392


Freshwater Policy Figure 16.1: Map showing location and status of all United States of America and Canadian Great Lakes Areas of Concern. ...................................................................................404


Figure 16.2: Change in global population by drinking water source, 1990-2015 (billions). ................................415 Figure 16.3: Regional trends in proportion of national population practising open defecation, 2000-2015. .................415


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