deforestation for farm expansion, methane emissions from livestock production, and overuse of fertilizers.


Most of the increased production of meat comes from industrial farms, which are responsible for soil degradation and water pollution due to high concentrations of waste.


b) Energy: Energy production and consumption impact ecosystems, water supplies, air and food. As energy demand grows, there is an increasing demand for natural resources, leading to their unequal distribution and often causing disputes and conflicts at several levels. By 2015 global energy consumption reached around 13.5 billion tons of oil equivalent, and that is expected to grow to around 19 billion tons of oil equivalent by 2040 (UNEP 2019a). Energy generation using fossil fuels has a large environmental footprint. The energy sector remains the leading contributor to climate change, accounting for around 60 per cent of total global GHG emissions (UNEP 2019d).


c) Waste: There are more than 7 billion people on the planet. We produce waste every day. A staggering one-half of all waste is not collected, treated or safely disposed of, causing a global waste crisis. About 2 billion people worldwide don’t have access to solid waste collection services, while 3 billion lack access to safe waste disposal facilities. Total urban waste generation (including municipal


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solid waste, commercial and industrial waste, and construction and demolition waste) amounts to around 7-10 billion tons per year (UNEP 2019a).


Among other health impacts, waste and harmful substances cause respiratory problems. The daily lives of approximately 64 million people are directly affected by uncontrolled dumping and open burning at the world’s 50 largest dumpsites (International Solid Waste Association [ISWA] 2017).


In 2016 it was estimated that 44.7 million tons of electronic waste (e-waste) per year was generated globally (Baldé et al. 2017). E-waste contains heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, which are harmful to humans and the environment and need to be properly handled (WHO 2019b). However, only around 20 per cent of e-waste is recycled though appropriate channels (ISWA 2017). In the context of increasing global demand for resources, illegal trafficking of end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment has become a critical issue.


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