Glossary


Neonicotinoid A neurotoxic class of insecticide used for crop protection. Neonicotinoids cause serious harm to birds, as well as to pollinators and other insects.


Nitrogen and phosphorous loading The quantity of these nutrients entering an ecosystem at a given time.


Non-governmental organization An entity established under national law as a not-for-profit organization, operating at the sub-national, national, regional or international level.


Novel entities


Man-made substances, including those which are toxic. The effects of these substances, which can remain in the environment for a very long time, are potentially irreversible.


Ocean acidification Around a quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO2


)


emitted to the atmosphere is dissolved in the oceans. The resulting increase in acidity makes it hard for organisms such as corals and some shellfish to grow and survive.


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Online labour markets Online labour markets make it possible for people from around the world to find jobs offered by a global pool of potential employers.


Organic agriculture Crop and livestock production that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people by relying on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions instead of using synthetic inputs such as fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides.


Ozone layer A region of the atmosphere situated at an altitude of 10–50 km above Earth’s surface which contains diluted ozone (O3), a naturally occurring gas (also see tropospheric ozone). At this level (the stratosphere) the ozone layer filters out ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. If this layer is depleted, increasing amounts of UV radiation will reach ground level. This can cause a high incidence of skin cancer in humans, as well as damage to terrestrial (land) and marine biological systems.


Ozone-depleting substances Substances that deplete the ozone layer.


Particulate matter Tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air.


Pastureland Land covered with grass or other low plants suitable for grazing animals such as cattle or sheep.


Pay gap Difference in average earnings between women and men.


Pesticides


Substances, made up of chemical or biological ingredients, intended to repell, destroy or control any pest or regulate plant growth. The most commonly applied pesticides are insecticides to kill insects, herbicides to kill weeds, rodenticides to kill rodents, and fungicides to control fungi, mould, and mildew.


pH


A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.


Photosynthesis A chemical reaction that takes place inside a plant, producing food for the plant to survive.


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