events such as storms, fires, floods and extreme temperatures (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR] 2016a; UNHCR 2016b).
• Natural disasters, which are increasing in frequency and intensity because of climate change, force some 26 million people per year into poverty and lead to losses of over USD 500 billion in annual consumption (World Bank 2016; Hallegatte et al. 2017).
• By 2030, it has been estimated that severe climate impacts and inequitable economic growth could push up to 77 million urban residents, who have escaped poverty, back into poverty (World Bank 2015).
Box 1.4 Climate change and food supply
Food production is directly affected by climate change. One of the main areas of concern is changes in rainfall and temperature patterns. The amount of rain during a season and its distribution at different stages of crop growth determine crop yield. Wheat and other cereal crops
of importance for global food security are also affected by varying temperatures. Temperature change can reduce crop growth and yield, with impacts on food supply, which affect food prices worldwide. Many young people and their families depend on rainfed agriculture for food and income, especially in developing countries.
