D E


Identifying a new skill (2) Read Skills Check 2. What is the subject of each example sentence?


Finding subject and verb in long sentences


There is no comma at the end of the prepositional phrases in these sentences. Underline the subject. Circle the verb. 1. On 10th


May 1910 Eric Berne was born in Montreal. 2. At the age of 18 Berne entered McGill University.


3. During his time at university he wrote for several student newspapers.


4. After graduating from university Berne started to study Psychiatry at Yale.


5. At the university at that time the professor was Dr Paul Federn.


6. At the end of his training in 1938 Berne became an American citizen.


7. During Berne’s training in psychiatry the Second World War started.


8. As a result of the mental problems of soldiers during the war a large number of psychiatrists were needed by the army at that time.


9. At the end of the war in 1945 Berne went to study in San Francisco.


10. At that time in the San Francisco Psychoanalytic Institute Erik Erikson was the director.


F G Identifying a new skill (3)


Read Skills Check 3. Explain the three deductions (given in brackets) from the tenses in the example sentences.


Using tense to make deductions Read each sentence. What deductions can you make in each case: • about the theorist? • about the theory?


Skills Check 2 Prepositional phrases


Writers often begin sentences with a prepositional phrase. The phrase sometimes ends with a comma. The subject of the sentence comes next. If there is no comma, try to find the end of the prepositional phrase.


Examples:


After practising psychiatry in that city, Berne joined the Army Medical Corps in 1943.


At the end of the war, he moved to San Francisco.


[See Grammar reference p.181.] Skills Check 3


Statements of theory


Sometimes statements of theory are introduced. Always look closely at the tense of the introduction and the statement. The tenses tell you about the theorist(s) and the theory.


Examples:


Psychiatrists accept that people play games. (= this is a current theory)


Psychiatrists believed that all personal problems came from inside the person’s head. (= this is not a current theory)


Berne believed that problems arise because of the transactions between people. (= Berne is dead; the theory is still current)


1. People believed that the Earth was flat. 2. Aristotle believed that earthquakes were caused by winds under the Earth. 3. Aristotle thought that we learn by doing. 4. Piaget said that children go through four stages. 5. Pavlov stated that you can make people behave in particular ways. 6. Al Gore says that man is the cause of global warming.


Theme 2: Reading 57


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