Presenter: Voices:


Track 1.11


a. You shouldn’t be late for lectures. b. You should go to bed early the night before a test. c. You should respect people. d. You should have a healthy diet. e. You should read this novel. f. If you are ill, you shouldn’t go to the university. g. I should go home. h. People should do assignments on their own.


Presenter: Voices:


Track 1.12


You could phone your friend with your mobile. You could climb in through the window. You could break a window with a brick. You could call a locksmith. You could put your hand through the letter box and try to open the door from the inside. You could wait for your friend to come home. You could go and stay at a hotel. You could sleep in your car. You could try to pick the lock with a pin.


Presenter: Lecturer:


Track 1.13


In 1977, two researchers conducted an experiment into memory. They were interested in memories of shocking events, like 9/11, but, of course, this was many years before that event. The researchers were called Roger Brown and James Kulik.


They wanted to see if memory is culturally determined – in other words: Do people remember important events differently, depending on their ethnic group?


Brown and Kulik asked 40 black Americans and 40 white Americans to fill out a questionnaire. The questionnaire contained a list of ten national events, including the death of President Kennedy 14 years earlier. Participants were asked to recall the circumstances surrounding the event.


Brown and Kulik found that white Americans had better recall for events involving white people, whereas black Americans had better recall for events involving black people. They also found that people remembered many facts about important events. They remembered where they were, what they were doing, what other people were doing, who told them about the event, and the effect the news had on them and on other people. But, and this is the important point, they could not remember events on the day before or the day after.


Brown and Kulik concluded that there is a special kind of memory. They called it flashbulb memory. The name comes from the flash on a camera. The researchers thought that some memories are like photographs. They also concluded that people have flashbulb memories for things that are personally important to them, hence white Americans remembering events with white people.


Presenter: Lecturer:


Theme 2: Friends and family Track 2.1


Today, I’m going to talk about a basic idea which links psychology and sociology. Psychology, as you know, is all about the individual. Sociology is about people in groups. One part of everyday life links individuals and makes them into groups. It is friendship. Research has shown that people with a number of close friends are generally healthier, in mind and body, than people without. For example, there is research from 2004. It is by Koji Ueno from Florida State University. Now, Ueno studied adolescents – that is, teenagers. He questioned over 11,000 teenagers and found that people with more friends were happier.


Presenter: Lecturer:


Track 2.2


Today, I’m going to talk about friendship. First, I will discuss two words which are often used together – friends and acquaintances. I will identify the key differences between the two words. After that, I’m going to talk about how an acquaintance can become a friend. Next, I will list the characteristics of people with a lot of friends. We’ll see the view of psychologists. Finally, you’re going to do a personal survey. You’ll find out if you can make a lot of friends.


Presenter: Lecturer:


Track 2.3


So, firstly, let’s try to understand the difference between friends and acquaintances. Everyone has many acquaintances. Acquaintances are simply people that we know. We know them from the social clubs that we go to, from the places that we work in or from our local neighbourhood. We know them from university. We see them around the campus at university and we say hello to them. Some acquaintances are also relatives. We meet them on family occasions.


But there is a big difference between an acquaintance and a friend. What is the key difference? It’s simply this. A friend always starts out as an acquaintance. But something draws the acquaintances together, and they become friends. It is obvious but the point is … we must like acquaintances for them to become friends. Perhaps we don’t like everything about them, but we feel positive about most of their characteristics. Incidentally, relatives can also be friends. I know that we talk about friends and family, or relatives and friends, which suggests that they must be different people. But mothers and fathers can be friends with their sons and daughters. In fact, some of the closest friendships can be inside a family.


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