Gastrointestinal functionality: Peptidoglycans and immunity


The reduction and removal of antibiotics from poultry diets requires a 360o


approach including good farm


management, nutrition, biosecurity, hygiene and a robust health and vaccination programme.


BY MOHAMMAD VADIEI, GLOBAL EUBIOTICS MANAGER, DSM F


rom a nutritional aspect, considerable solutions have been developed as gut health solution promoters such as optimisation on dietary composition and different type of feed additives including pre &


probiotics, symbiotics, phytogenics and enzymes that all support gastrointestinal functionality. Various research studies show that a strong relationship and impact between poultry feed from one side and intestine barrier, microbiota, digestion and absorption as well as with immunity on another, increase the importance of gastrointestinal functionality for achieving optimum performance in poultry. One of the most important factors in the health of the gastrointestinal functionality is bacterial debris and peptidoglycans as a main part in this structure may have a strong effect on gut and poultry performance. Commensal bacteria in the gut may not cause inflammation but fragments from any bacterial cell wall can significantly reduce the gut functionality. During bacterial turnover, a significant quantity of peptidoglycans (PGNs) is released in the lumen, and intestinal Lysozyme can degrade part of PGNs to decrease signals of potential inflammation in the intestine. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) as result of PGNs degradation


Table 1- Intestinal measurements of experimental and control groups.


Groups Control/Duo


Balancius/Duo Control/Jejunum Balancius/Jejunum Control/Ileum Balancius/Ileum


40 Villus Villus


Height Width 1620.94 1972.58 1133.72 1257.19 933.44


1039.61


225.10 242.58 200.69 218.47 194.64 201.57


Crypt Depth 248.97 493.36 264.31 395.31 253.61 358.86


Total


Mucosa 1915.08 2288.39 1318.08 1434.17 1141.94 1221.36


Villus/ Crypt 7.21 4.30 3.91 3.89 2.69 4.29


▶ ANTIBIOTIC REDUCTION | DECEMBER 2021


Surface Area 1.17 1.50 0.75 0.81 0.57 0.69


show anti-inflammatory effects on specific intracellular receptors (NOD2) in basolateral surface of epithelial cells. Because of the genetic potential for growth, modern broilers have high feed intakes and fast feed passage rate into the gastrointestinal tract, but insufficient production of many of endogenous enzymes, not only decrease the digestibility of feed ingredients but also effect many aspects of gut functionality negatively. PGNs degradation is not exceptional from this development and endogenous lysozyme cannot breakdown all PGNs present in the intestine, so an exogenous muramidase such as Balancius can increase the capacity of PGNs degradation from dead bacterial cell walls and support gastrointestinal functionality.


PGNs and gut inflammation Goblets cells play an important role in the intestine and overall immunity via mucus secretion, containing antimicrobial proteins. Studies show supplementation of muramidase in broiler diets increases the density of goblet


Figure 1 - The addition of an exogenous muramidase (Balancius) increased the % of soluble PGNs, in jejunal digesta of broilers on day 14 and 21 (Jansman et al. – unpublished).


70 Day 14 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Control Balancius


A, BColumns with a different superscript have values that differ significantly at P<0.05.


A A Day 21 B B


Soluble peptideoglycan, % of total


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