38 Air Monitoring


Analytical science plays an important role in modern society, ensuring that we live in a world that is safe, and potentially identifying risks that are not obvious. It is however extremely important that as scientists we do not lose the relationship with the context in our bid to develop ever more sensitive assays. It is important to understand that the data we produce is tightly associated with the total workfl ow (process and reagents) that we employ and that assumptions about the cleanliness/purity of these components may result in erroneous/misinterpretations of the resulting data. As scientists we must understand the purpose/aim of what we do (‘why’) is of equal importance to understanding the scientifi c workfl ow/strategy and its limitations (‘what’ and ‘how’).


References


1. Glüge et al., An overview of the uses of per- and polyfl uoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts 22 (2020) 2345-2373 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00291G


2. H. Rekik, H. Arab, L. Pichon, M.A.E. Khakani, P. Drogui, Per-and polyfl uoroalkyl (PFAS) eternal pollutants: Sources, environmental impacts and treatment processes. Chemosphere, 358 (2024) 142044, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142044.


3. M.F. Messmer, L.Siegel, B. Locwin, Global manufacturer concealed hazards of PFAS releases for decades, Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 47 (2024) 100901, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2024.100901.


4. L.J. Winchell, M.J.M. Wells, J.J. Ross, X. Fonoll, J.W. Norton, S. Kuplicki, M. Khan, K.Y. Bell, Analyses of per- and polyfl uoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through the urban water cycle: Toward achieving an integrated analytical workfl ow across aqueous, solid, and gaseous matrices in water and wastewater treatment, Science of The Total Environment, 774 (2021) 145257, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145257.


5. A.U. Rehman, M. Crimi, S. Andreescu, Current and emerging analytical techniques for the determination of PFAS in environmental samples, Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 37 (2023) e00198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2023.e00198.


6. Zhiyong Xie, Roland Kallenborn, Legacy and emerging per- and poly-fl uoroalkyl substances in polar regions, Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 42 (2023) 100840, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2023.100840.


7. K. Singh, N. Kumar, A.K. Yadav, R. Singh, K. Kumar, Per-and polyfl uoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a health hazard: Current state of knowledge and strategies in environmental settings across Asia and future perspectives, Chemical Engineering Journal, 475 (2023)145064, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.145064.


8. Lada Lukić Bilela, Inga Matijošytė, Jokūbas Krutkevičius, Diogo A.M. Alexandrino, Ivo Safarik, Juris Burlakovs, Susana P. Gaudêncio, Maria F. Carvalho, Impact of per- and polyfl uorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) on the marine environment: Raising awareness, challenges, legislation, and mitigation approaches under the One Health concept, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 194, Part A (2023) 115309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115309.


9. K. Steenland, A. Winquist, PFAS and cancer, a scoping review of the epidemiologic evidence, Environmental Research, 194 (2021) 110690, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110690.


10. H. Joerss and F. Menger, The complex ‘PFAS world’ - How recent discoveries and novel screening tools reinforce existing concerns, Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 40 (2023) 100775, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2023.100775.


11. URL: https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfl uoroalkyl-substances-pfas, last accessed 20/06/2024.


12. URL: https://echa.europa.eu/hot-topics/perfl uoroalkyl-chemicals-pfas, last accessed 20/06/2024.


13. URL: https://oehha.ca.gov/water/report/perfl uorooctanoic-acid-pfoa-and-perfl uorooctane- sulfonic-acid-pfos-drinking-water, last accessed 20/06/2024.


14. J. Reinikainen, E. Bouhoulle, J. Sorvari, Inconsistencies in the EU regulatory risk assessment of PFAS call for readjustment, Environment International, 186 (2024) 108614, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108614.


15. A. Androulakakis, N. Alygizakis, E. Bizania, N.S. Thomaidis, Current progress in the environmental analysis of poly- and perfl uoroalkyl substances (PFAS), Environmental Sciences: Advances 1 (2022) 705-724, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2va00147k.


16. URL: https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-proposes-designating-certain-pfas-chemicals- hazardous-substances-under-superfund, last accessed 20/6/2024.


17. URL: https://echa.europa.eu/-/next-steps-for-pfas-restriction-proposal, last accessed 20/06/2024.


18. J.A. Shoemaker, D.R. Tettenhorst,Method 537.1: Determination of Selected Per- and Polyfl uorinated Alkyl Substances in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Offi ce of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, 2018. URL: https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report. cfm?dirEntryId=343042&Lab=NERL, last accessed 20/06/2024.


19. Avantor chromatography solutions application note 7810: LC-MS/MS Analysis of PFAS Compounds using EPA methods 537.1. URL: https://eu.cmd2.vwr.com/pub/apl/chrom/ main?key=C-13277, last accessed 20/06/2024.


20. Avantor chromatography solutions wall poster: Laboratory Considerations When Analysing PFAS Containing Samples, URL: https://uk.cmd.vwr.com/bin/public/idoccdownload/10240282/ Avantor%20-%20Laboratory%20considerations%20when%20analysing%20PFAS%20 containing%20samples_EN%20PDF%202024?s=1127433:1&sort=4&iframe=1&hide_ header=1&act=search&show=1112&val=pfas&type=10001&category=10005&manufacturer=, last accessed 21/06/2024.


21. Avantor chromatography solutions application note 7820: PFAS Analysis by EPA method 537.1 using VWR®


HiPerSolv CHROMANORM® apl/chrom/main?key=C-13282, last accessed 21/06/2024. Air quality monitoring at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games


Measuring devices from Kunak Technologies, in partnership with Acoem and World Athletics, were chosen to monitor the quality of air breathed by athletes and spectators during the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, which kick off on Friday, July 26.


There is a connection between air pollution and physical activity. Indeed, at the 2014 Beijing Marathon, high pollution levels affected athletic performance, highlighting the need for thorough air quality monitoring.


In this context, World Athletics, the organisation that oversees and promotes athletics worldwide, is developing the Running for Clean Air initiative to raise awareness of the importance of clean air during sporting events. The Clean Air Fund is funding this initiative.


Since 2018, World Athletics has relied on Kunak solutions to monitor air quality at various sporting events. Tokyo 2020 was the fi rst Olympic Games in which air quality was analysed.


Among the places in Paris most threatened by air pollutants are the peripheral areas of the Paris corridor, where the Olympic Village of Saint-Denis is located and where the athletes will be accommodated. For the fi rst time, the Olympic marathon event will take place in the French capital at night to avoid the high daytime temperatures of summer and the signifi cant air pollution caused by urban traffi c.


Kunak’s measuring devices will be used at various sporting competition venues to monitor air quality at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. The sensors will measure everything from particulate matter to ozone levels in the face of pollution threats that may affect athletes in various disciplines and venues.


Specifi cally, 12 Kunak air quality monitoring stations at strategic locations in all Olympic venues will provide an overview of air quality during the event.


The continuous, real-time data they provide will help event organisers minimise the dangers of airborne contaminants, especially for athletes, who inhale ten times more during intense physical activity.


The analysis of the data will allow the implementation of adaptation strategies, such as revising itineraries and competition schedules to avoid times of high pollution and mitigate its effects. This was the case for the women’s marathon at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games when the race was brought forward by one hour due to adverse weather conditions. World Athletics promoted this action thanks to the analysis of data provided by Kunak’s measurement systems.


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PFAS grade solvents. URL: https://eu.cmd2.vwr.com/pub/


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