10 Gas Detection
Review of ‘Gas Measurement Technology in Theory and Practice’ by David Coe
Gas measurement and analysis has become an indispensable tool throughout modern industry, Applications requiring the measurement of gases are numerous and diverse requiring a wide range of measurement technologies. Workers in this fi eld are required to be familiar with many elements of science. The book entitled Gas Measurement Technology in Theory and Practice provides a detailed description of the variety of methods commonly used. It provides an essential reference volume for the army of scientists working worldwide in this fi eld. It is authored by Professor Dr Gerhard Wiegleb of the University of Applied Sciences, Dortmund. Prior to his appointment at Dortmund Gerhard served 15 years in industry working in this complex fi eld.
Much of the basic technical advances in this fi eld have their origins in Germany, the base for many of the leading companies in the fi eld of gas analysis. The author draws upon a range of contributors from these companies who are expert in specifi c technologies to provide valuable detail in their operation in a wide range of applications.
The book begins with the basic theory and properties of gases, which are common to all gases and are essential to a basic understanding of gas measurements. However, each individual gas has its own idiosyncrasies leading to a wide variety of techniques needed to be able to identify and measure specifi c gases within a gaseous mixture. It is these idiosyncrasies which this book identifi es and explains in some detail. Of course, not only is it necessary to be aware of these unique gaseous properties, but it is also necessary to know about the instrumentation techniques available to take advantage of these properties. This book provides detailed descriptions of the many instruments commercially available for the identifi cation and measurement of a whole range of gases.
As most workers in this fi eld will understand no measurement technique is perfect across the whole range of applications. Dr Wiegleb provides, not only detailed descriptions, but highlights both the advantages and limitations of the many instruments and technologies currently available.
The scope of this book contains detailed descriptions and discussions in the following fi elds
Physical Gas Sensors – including thermal conductivity sensors (TCS), a range of mass sensitive sensors, paramagnetic oxygen which for a long period was the go-to sensor for oxygen measurement, and ionisation process sensors (Flame ionisation detectors FID and Photo- ionisation detectors PID) still the industry standard for monitoring hydrocarbon emissions.
Physical-Chemical Sensors – Heat tone or Pellistors for the determination of combustible
gases, electrochemical cells, an example of which is the Lambda sensor used widely in the automotive sector for the measurement of oxygen in engine exhaust gas.
Separation Processes – Gas chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry.
Radiation Photometry – including Infra-red and UV absorption spectrometry widely used in analysers for the detection of multiple gases.
Laser Technology – Modern laser technology makes available lasers to cover a wide range of spectral wavelengths for near UV to infra-red. This section covers techniques for their usage for gas concentration determination, techniques becoming more common as experience develops.
Professor Gerhard Wiegleb
In addition to this wide-ranging consideration of gas analysis technology, the book also covers the use of instruments for the determination of the humidity of gases. Water vapour is pervasive in almost all gaseous applications thus requiring its measurement. A variety of measurement methods for the determination of humidity are described in detail including the principles underlying each of the measurement techniques.
Alongside the measurement of gas concentration there is often a requirement for the determination of the fl ow rate of gases. A range of techniques is introduced, including mass fl ow meters, variable area fl ow meters, ultrasonic fl ow meters and hot wire anemometers.
A further topic thoroughly reviewed is dust monitoring. Many gas fl ows contain concentrations of dust particles of varying composition and sizes which need to be determined. This section identifi es the various techniques for dust measurement identifying the appropriateness of particular techniques for different types of dust, of which there are many. This is becoming a particular concern in ambient air monitoring where the measurement of pm10 and pm2.5 dust particles are required. The methods of calibration of dust monitors, a particularly complex issue, are also considered and discussed.
Later sections of the book are reserved for specifi c applications for gas monitors, identifying the areas of diffi culty and appropriateness of different measurement techniques.
It is diffi cult to imagine a more thorough and comprehensive examination of the subject of gas measurement than is provided by this volume. It is 1300 pages of valuable detail, and one must congratulate the author and his numerous contributors for an excellent presentation of varied and complex techniques.
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