20 Air Monitoring
ENHANCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION MONITORING IN THE EUROPEAN EMISSION TRADING SCHEME: A FOCUS ON ISO 10723 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHS IN NATURAL GAS PLANTS
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The European Commission has adopted legislative proposals aimed at achieving a 55% carbon emission reduction by 2030 and the climate neutrality by 2050. Within this framework, industrial installations under the Emissions Trading Scheme are mandated to develop approved plans for monitoring and reporting annual carbon emissions, as an operating permit requirement. This article provides a comparative analysis of various methods available for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions, focusing particularly on ISO 10723 Natural gas – Performance evaluation for analytical systems for validating process gas chromatographs. This standard ensures a highly accurate approach for determining calorifi c values and carbon emission factors required to compute site-specifi c carbon emissions.
The analytical equipment performance assessment is commonly advocated across the industry and, in certain instances, is mandated by legal or contractual obligations. This practice aims to guarantee the traceability and precision of gas measurements, with defi ned uncertainty levels, thereby substantiating adherence to established legal or contractual standards (e.g. fi scal transfer measurements, safety requirements, emissions monitoring).
European Emission Trading Scheme The European Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS)1
has proven effective in reducing greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions, with historical data indicating a 40% reduction from 2007 to 2021 (fi gure 1). However, additional measures are essential to meet long-term climate objectives, as outlined in the European Green Deal, which introduces new requirements such as the European Climate Law and the Fit for 55 Package.
Figure 2 – GHG emissions in the EU by sector in 2021 – Eurostat The Monitoring and Reporting Regulation (MRR)2
The EU-ETS, established in 2005 as the world’s fi rst carbon trading scheme, operates on “the polluter pays” principle, placing a price on carbon emissions and using pollution allowances companies purchase and trade based on their CO2
emissions. The EU-ETS sets caps on annual
emissions, which are reduced regularly over time, contributing signifi cantly to emission reduction. Participation is mandatory for energy-intensive industry sectors, like energy, manufacturing and other industrial processes which all together represent approximately 45% of the total emissions in the EU (fi gure 2).
of the EU-ETS mandates a robust, transparent,
consistent and accurate monitoring and reporting system. The MRR provides information on the utilisation of process gas chromatographs (GC) and the ISO 170253
prerequisites for calibration
gases, while specifying the performance requirements for the utilised instruments and calibration frequency. Industrial installations must have an approved monitoring plan, which is part of the permit to operate, and they must annually submit emission reports – verifi ed by accredited verifi ers – before surrendering the corresponding number of allowances.
A revision of the EU-ETS is underway, which will reduce the quantity of available permits, and eliminate the provision of free allowances. The scope of the scheme is set to expand to encompass other high-emission sectors, including shipping, road transport, aviation and buildings. This revision also entails increased funding allocated to innovation and modernisation initiatives, accelerating the pace of the green transition.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Monitoring For combustion plants using natural gas, relevant CO2
Figure 1 - EU-28 GHG emission trends – EEA Emission Inventory Report 2007–2021 IET ANNUAL BUYERS’ GUIDE 2024/25 wet fl ue gases.
emissions can be obtained through either
a measurement-based method – using Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS) – or a calculation-based method. The calculation-based method is ten times more accurate than CEMS, which can have a mass CO2
uncertainty up to approximately 15% relative when measuring hot and
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