24 Air Monitoring
EU AND DOMESTIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION TRADING SYSTEMS - CONTINUOUS SAMPLING EMISSIONS
TO DETERMINE THE BIOGENIC CO2
Overview on Emission Trading Systems Over the last decade, there were several worldwide emission trading systems (ETSs) implemented as an instrument to fulfi ll the Paris agreement. Currently, worldwide, there are 28 ETSs and with that, the share of global emission covered by an ETS is 17%, which relates to 9 gigatons of CO2 (CO2
e) [1].
In Europe, the EU-ETS (Emission Trading System) applies to power plants, industrial facilities, for e.g. cement kilns, iron and steel smelting, etc.
According to Directive 2023/959 [2] reason (98), the Commission will assess and report by 31st July 2026 on the possibility of including the municipal waste incineration sector in the ETS with a view to including it from 2028.
To be able to report the needed data in 2026, the European Commission published Directive 2023/2122 Monitoring and Reporting Rules (MRR) [3] which includes CO2
Waste to Energy (WtE) plants.
Beside this EU regulation there exist several domestic regulations, as e.g. in Germany the Fuel Emissions Trading Act (BEHG) in which waste incineration plants must participate since 1st January 2024 [4], in Italy UNI1607324 was published, which describes the determination of the renewable energy and can be used for emission trading and in UK, exists the Renewable Obligation (RO) scheme and the UK carbon emission tax.
In all former mentioned regulations are listed different methods, how the total CO2
emissions and the biogenic fraction could be determined. The alternative methods are:
1. No monitoring is carried out of either the waste or combustion gases to determine the proportion of biogenic CO2
emitted from the plant.
2. Periodic waste sampling is carried out and the total biomass fraction is determined on the volume weighted biomass fraction of each waste group, which is multiplied by published factors.
3. Application of the balance method, including standard ISO EN 18466
4. A continuous measurement of the CO2 concentration and the
emission combined with a continuously sampling of the exhaust gas on an adsorber followed by a 14
exhaust gas volume fl ow in the exhaust gas duct to determine the total CO2
C analysis to Figure 1. Biogenic CO2 sampling according to EN ISO 13833 – here AMESA B Setup
determine the ratio of biogenic CO2 to fossil CO2 ISO EN 13833.
according to
Determination of the biogenic CO2 fraction
When waste or refused derived fuel (RDF) is burned, the various carbons are emitted into the atmosphere along with the CO2
. Biogenic CO2 is defi ned as CO2 neutral and only the fossil CO2 portion of the emission is defi ned as a source of GHG.
One possible way for the determination of the biogenic fraction is the sampling of the fl ue gas on a CO2
adsorber followed by a 14 analysis, as it is described in ISO EN 13833. The 14 C. C C method uses
the fact that the fossil and biogenic materials can be identifi ed by a marker of the carbon atoms. The fossil material consists of 12 and biogenic material includes 14
C
The sampling method is described in EN ISO 13833 and can be explained with fi g. 1.
The sampling system to determine the biogenic CO2 extracts a part of the fl ue gas through a heated extraction
content
probe (1) under volume-proportional conditions. A dust fi lter (2) is mounted at the probe entrance to prevent clogging of the probe and subsequent components. After the probe, the fl ue gas is sucked through a heated tube (3) to the control cabinet (4) and dried after entering the cabinet by cooling it in a gas cooler to approx. + 5 °C.
After the cooler, the dried fl ue gas is fed into an adsorber cartridge fi lled with a CO2
adsorber in which the CO2 the fl ue gas is collected.
After the sampling period, the adsorber cartridge is sent to a laboratory and can be analyzed with Accelerated Mass Spectrometry (AMS), Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC) or Beta Ionisation.
The AMESA B system was designed under the consideration of the minimum requirements of EN ISO 13833, to enable an automatic sampling of CO2
for sampling periods of several
weeks. To ensure volume-proportional suction, a pitot tube is integrated into the sampling probe, or the signal of an existing stack fl ow device can be used as input. The sample fl ow rate is controlled by means of a mass fl ow controller.
contained in emissions from
equivalent
IET ANNUAL BUYERS’ GUIDE 2024/25
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