African elephant crop foraging 785
elephant crop foraging is not reaching local farmers and that multiple barriers exist regarding the uptake of deterrents. Our findings suggest several key management recommen- dations. Firstly, increased outreach efforts to farmers are needed to share knowledge on deterrent approaches, espe- cially in remote areas. Secondly, community leaders are needed who can help encourage farming communities to in- corporate existing deterrents or who can create and share sustainable solutions that are effective and practical within the local context. Thirdly, farmers need information on how to live safely near elephants, to decrease both the fear and the risk associated with elephant
encounters.Acombination of these efforts could increase local food security, tolerance of elephants and support for conservation programmes. Without additional educational and financial resources, elephant crop foraging is likely to persist. However, our study provides insights that could help practitioners address some previously little examined economic and social con- cerns of farmers related to the use of elephant deterrents.
Author contributions Study design: LVH, BAS, KD, MG, SZ, CAL; fieldwork: LVH; data analysis: LVH, TDS, KD, CAL; writing: LVH, BAS, MG, CAL.
Acknowledgements Wethank the collaborators at WildlifeWorks, including the community outreach team, staff scientists, rangers and office personnel, and Hellen Kiute, who facilitated local stakeholder in- teractions. LVH was supported by grants from the International Elephant Foundation, the Elephant Manager’s Association and Auburn University, and the project was facilitated in conjunction with the Earthwatch Institute’s Elephants and Sustainable Agriculture in Kenya project. We appreciate the trust bestowed upon us by the Kenyan people, including village representatives and partici- pants from the communities that welcomed us.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards This research abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards. Survey and consent procedures were approved by Auburn University’s Institutional Review Board panel (Protocol no. 20-440 EX 2009) and Strathmore University’s Institutional Ethics Review Committee (Approval no. SU-IERC0877/20) in Kenya. The re- search was conducted under the umbrella of Wildlife Works’ PIC/ MAT agreement with Kenya Wildlife Service and with approval from NACOSTI (Kenya’s science agency, License no. NACOSTI/P/ 20/2292).
Data availability Data are available in the Supplementary Material and on request from the corresponding author.
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Oryx, 2024, 58(6), 779–787 © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605323001795
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