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www.us-tech.com Atomic Clock...
Selective Soldering System with Built-in Spray Fluxer
Pb-Free Continued from page 1
tors are “special purpose” devices de- signed to provide insight into specific challenging problems. JILA is operated jointly by the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Universi- ty of Colorado Boulder. As described in the Aug. 9 issue
of Science, the JILA experiment was performed with an atomic clock made of about 2,000 neutral strontium atoms trapped in intersecting laser beams. The researchers were sur- prised to discover that, under certain conditions, the clock atoms interact like atoms in magnetic materials.
Unexpected Results “This was completely unexpect-
ed,” says JILA/ NIST Fel low Jun Ye. “We were not looking for this at all, we were just naively trying to under- stand the particle interactions as part of our effort to further improve the clock. We were pleasantly surprised to find we can now use a clock as a pow- erful quantum apparatus to study magnetic spin interactions.” The strontium clock atoms are
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arranged like a stack of 100 pan- cakes, each containing about 20 atoms. Normally the atoms react in- dividually to red laser pulses, switch- ing between two energy levels. But researchers discovered the atoms al- so can interact with each other, first in pairs and eventually all together. Until now researchers were trying to eliminate these interactions, which are undesirable in atomic clocks but they can turn into a powerful feature for a quantum simulator. Strontium atoms have two ener-
gy levels used for clock purposes, each with a particular configuration of electrons. In the JILA simulation, all the atoms start out at the same energy level with the same electron configuration, also called a spin- down state. A quick pulse from a very stable red laser places all the atoms in a “superposition” of spins pointing both up and down at the same time. The possibility of superposition is one of the most notable features of the quantum world. When the laser is turned off, the atoms start to inter- act. One second later another pulse from the same laser hits the atoms to prepare them for collective spin measurement, and then a different laser measures, based on any detect- ed fluorescence, the final spin states of all the atoms. In the world of classical physics
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such measurements would have defi- nite results, without any “noise,” or uncertainty. However, in the quan- tum world a spin measurement usu- ally has a random amount of noise. In the JILA experiment, correlations appear over time between the noise patterns of some of the atoms’ spins. Ye says these correlations suggest the atoms become entangled, another unusual quantum feature that links the properties of separated particles. JILA researchers have not yet per- formed the definitive test proving en- tanglement, however. JILA theorist Ana Maria Rey
helped to explain what Ye’s experi- mental team observed. For small num- bers of particles, about 30 atoms, Rey calculated that the clock atom interac- tions obey mathematical formulas similar to those describing the behav- ior of electrons in magnetic materials. But if more atoms are included, classi- cal calculations would not keep up
September, 2013
with the experimental results. In the future, the JILA team hopes to per- form more complicated simulations while continuing to develop a theory explaining the findings. The atomic clock joins a growing list of quantum simulators demonstrated recently at NIST and elsewhere. The JILA research is supported
by NIST, the Defense Advanced Re- search Projects Agency, Air Force Of- fice of Scientific Research, National Science Foundation, and Army Re- search Office. See:
www.nist.org r
Designing to Standards...
Continued from page 6
help a company to improve their po- sition in global markets and reap the rewards standards and conformance can provide.
1. Participate in standards devel- opment activities, both domestic and international. Participating in standards development enables a company to influence the technical content of the standard and align its products and services with changing market demands. It provides a com- pany with an insider’s knowledge and early access to information on emerging issues, and helps reduce redundancy while minimizing errors in product development and shorten- ing time to market.
2. Rely on standards to design products and services, and use established conformity assess- ment systems, to test, inspect, certi- fy, and accredit the new products and services. Demonstrating compliance to standards helps a company’s prod- ucts, services, and personnel to cross borders. Standards also make cross- border interoperability possible, en- suring that products manufactured in one country can be sold and used in another.
3. Treat standardization as a strategic business tool. Standards and conformance are critical busi- ness tools that should be managed alongside an organization’s quality, safety, and environmental policies. They should be considered as tools that are essential to the long-term health of a business.
4. A resource commitment, of time, money, and manpower, must be made to the U. S. standardization system. Numerous free-of-charge re- sources are available at the SBB web site at
www.StandardsBoost-
Business.org
A Path Forward Standards and conformance are
essential to a sound national economy and solid global commerce. At a time when both public and private sectors seek to foster economic growth and create good jobs for the future, it is critical that U.S. companies under- stand and harness the power of stan- dardization helping to drive business growth while advancing U. S. compet- itiveness on a global stage. Contact: American National
Standards Institute, Customer Serv- ice Dept., 25 West 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036 % 212- 642-4980 fax: 212-302-1286 E-mail:
info@ansi.org Web:
www.ansi.org or
www.standardsboostbusiness.com r
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