Understanding mineral chelation, stability and bioavailability Building on the continuing need to protect production profitability from the economic impacts of mastitis, comes the growing pressure around environmental impact of mineral supplementation. This focus has progressed from comparing inorganics to organics,
to comparing organics to organics. Inorganic minerals (such as sulphates, oxides and selenite) are
generally less stable throughout the digestive tract than chelated trace minerals (CTMs). They can cause oxidation, reduce the efficacy of antioxidants and even inhibit the activity of enzymes, due to the reactivity of inorganic minerals at an acidic pH. However, it is probably more important to realise that weakly bonded, unstable CTMs can have the same adverse effects as inorganic minerals and can have the same inferior bioavailability credentials. A recent study using potentiometric-based techniques analysed
a range of commercial CTMs using a copper ion-selective electrode to determine their in vitro stabilities over a pH range reflective of physiological conditions. Figure 1 illustrates the notable difference in the pH-dependent stability of commercial CTMs, with the amount of bound copper varying considerably between samples. Furthermore, the data indicate that some CTMs have low or no capacity for stable mineral bonding at acidic pH, with obvious impacts on the bio efficacy of the products. These differences can be attributed to not only the type of ligand used but also to the production process used to generate the same.
Figure 1: Potentiometric titrations of commercial copper (II) chelates over a pH range of 3-8 (Byrne et al 2018)
mineral is taken up by the yeast and deposited in seleno-amino acids within the yeast (Sel-Plex). TRT has enhanced stability at acidic pH levels due to the proprietary
hydrolysis process in which the mineral binding potential of the peptides is optimised. This means that the minerals have no negative interference with essential dietary components or cellular processes. The bioactive peptides can form strong bonds with minerals such as Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn to ensure their delivery to the absorption sites in the small intestine.
TRT is the most researched bio-enhanced nature-equivalent mineral
Alltech’s Total Replacement Technology™ (TRT) entirely replaces inorganic trace minerals with Bioplex®
and Sel-Plex® chelated trace
minerals. By using specific amino acid and peptide ligands that imitates that of
minerals found in animal and plant material, those using TRT can expect reduced reactivity in the gastrointestinal tract while also allowing for multiple absorption pathways. To produce an organic form of selenium, it is necessary to supply it as a substrate for yeast metabolism. The
management technique on the market. Alltech is the only company to have two fully documented published assays to demonstrate quantitative chelation. The first assay uses a form of infra-red spectroscopy to measure the amount of bound mineral, whereas the second assay uses a form of crystallography to measure unbound mineral. A recent trial analysed the impact of Alltech minerals on zootechnical
performances and the health of high-yielding cows, demonstrating a 35% reduction in risk factors that can lead to incidences of mastitis. This equated to a reduction in the total number of mastitis cases by 15 in every 100 milking cows, where the incidence rate is an average of 21%.
FEED COMPOUNDER JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2021 PAGE 37
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