Square Shank


Size Copper Boat Nail Spike or Wrought Nail


Snap Head (Button Head in America) Square Neck


Round Shank


Length


Diameter Thread


Washer Nut Coach Bolt A


Section AA


Oval French Cut Nail A Length Diameter Length


Flat side plate


Coach Screw


Nail Wire Nail (2 mm thick) (Lag Bolt in the U.S.)` Figure 16 Typical Fastenings


Figure 16 Typical Fastenings


Blunt ended cut nails are easily driven but damage the wood leaving them easy to withdraw. Using guide holes prior to driving the nail also reduces the possibility of splitting. Lengths of unclenched round or square bar iron used for fastenings are called drifts. Coach bolts were used in wooden structures but for bolting steel parts together hexagon headed bolts which do not have the square neck were used. Deck bolts for securing wooden decking to steel beams or


Surveying tip


plating were similar to coach bolts but with a flat head. They are usually galvanized. The grain in the dowell over the bolt head should align with the grain of the wood being secured. It is a sign of good shipwrightry.


Hidden (or Blind) Fastenings


Good quality decks are often laid with hidden fastenings, i.e., the decks show no sign of the fastenings, which are put in


46 | The Report • September 2020 • Issue 93


through the sides and bottoms of the individual planks. The side spikes driven through horizontally are usually driven into pre-bored holes to prevent the timber splitting horizontally. See Figure 17 below. The process is called side spiking. The nails driven through the side of the deck plank into the beam underneath are called tosh nails or, in America, toe nails and the process of driving them is called toshing or, in America, toe nailing. House carpenters call the process


Caprail Bolt (rare)


Length Shank


Screw Holes


Wood Screw Oblong top plate Shank Length Dump


Drift Bolt


Gauge Width


Length


Square Shank


Length


Round Shank


Diameter Diameter


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