2) The /ɪə/ and /ʊə/ diphthongs are sometimes spelled as [vowel]+“re”. The “r” is not pronounced. (a diphthong is a movement from one vowel to another in a single syllable)
- /ɪə/ examples: here /hɪə/, mere /mɪə/, sphere /sfɪə/ - /ʊə/ examples: cure /kjʊə/, sure /ʃʊə/, mature /məˈʧʊə/ → although this vowel is nowadays more commonly pronounced as /ɔː/ rather than /ʊə/.
3) Words with “ire” or “yre” are pronounced as /ʌɪə/ (without /r/) - For example, fire = /fʌɪə/. - More examples: admire, dire, enquire, entire, hire, mire, perspire, require, retire, tire(d), tyre, wire - Also: Ireland /ˈʌɪələnd/
Here are two words that have potentially surprising pronunciations: Iron /ˈʌɪən/ (we do not pronounce the letter “r”) Eire /ˈɛːrə/ (we do pronounce the letter “r”) – this is the Irish name for the Republic of Ireland.