INCLUSION OF INTEGRATED RENEWABLE ENERGY SOLUTIONS


Even for buildings with


high performance building envelopes with efficient services and


control systems, there will be a


residual demand for energy. This


residual energy demand is usually for electrical


power and heat.


If designers are to minimise the operating CO2


emissions of a


building, sources of low or zero carbon energy will be needed. Some local planning authorities stipulate that new buildings must incorporate renewable energy generating technologies to provide a percentage of the building’s energy requirements.


Energy CO2 emission factors


Operational CO2 emissions are


created by building services, so enhancing the building envelope specification reduces demand for carbon-creating energy.


The NCM guide specifies CO2 emission factors per kilowatt hour for each different energy source. The most relevant fuels are detailed below.


Figure 8. Fuel CO2 Fuel type


Natural gas


Grid supplied electricity Grid displaced electricity


emission factors CO2


emission factor kgCO2 0.216 0.519


0.519*


*This is effectively the credit which will be generated when electricity producing low or zero carbon (LZC) technologies have been included in the design and SBEM calculation.


Source: NCM modelling guide 2013 November 2017 revision. 69 /kWh


As the table illustrates, electrical services produce about 2½ times as much CO2


emissions as gas


services for the same power. Gas-fired heating systems are usually specified as a result.


This explains why, in buildings such as warehouses, with relatively low heating requirements, lighting is the largest cause of CO2


emissions.


When installing renewable energy systems, the CO2


saved by their


operation can be used to offset the overall building emission rate, and can form part of an effective Part L compliance/low carbon building strategy.


Photovoltaic panels and solar air heaters are two of the most cost effective forms of renewable energy that can be integrated with a building envelope.


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