ARTEFACT


Gerald of Wales 87 German Plot 258 Germany air raids on 382 division of 404–5 life in, under Hitler 353 after World War II 404 gerrymandering 273, 302 Gestapo 355 ghettos, Jewish 393–4 Ghirlandaio, Domenico 105 gladiators 57, 63, 64 Gladstone, William Ewart 213, 233, 234 glasnost 414 Glenn, John 420 glimmer men 282 Goebbels, Joseph 355 Good Friday Agreement (1998) 315–16 Gorbachev, Mikhail (1931– ) 414–15 Göring, Hermann 355 Gormlaith, Queen 90 Gothic style 79 government, local 260


Government of Ireland Act (1920) 245, 260, 272, 302 GPO see General Post Office grave goods 28, 30, 32, 34, 35 Great Depression 279, 351 Great Famine 212, 215–29, 232 causes of 218, 228 coffin ships 219, 227 emigration 219, 222, 223, 228 evictions 219, 229 impact of 222–3, 228


laissez-faire government policy 220, 229


maize 220 population 222, 223 potato blight 218, 219, 229 relief efforts 220–1 soup kitchens 221, 229 starvation and disease 219 workhouses 220, 229


Great Patriotic War (World War II) 378 Great Silk Road 116 Greece, and the EC 433 Greek gods and goddesses 60 Greek slaves 53 Gregorian calendar 62 Gregory, Lady Augusta 237 Gregory XIII, Pope (1502–1585) 62, 155


Griffith, Arthur 240, 258–9, 264–5, 267, 269


guerrilla warfare 261, 410 guilds 77, 86 guillotine 187 gulags 340–1 gun-running 243, 244 Gutenberg Bible 107–8 Gutenberg, Johannes (1398–1468) 107


H


Hadrian’s Wall 49 Hague Congress 429 handling box 5, 13 Hargreaves, James 224 Harland and Wolff 286–7 Harney, Mary 325 Harvey, William (1578–1657) 110 Hathaway, Anne 109 Haughey, Charles 294 Heath, Edward 310 Helga (gunboat) 254 Henry II, King 91, 92, 155 Henry VII, King 124


Henry VIII, King (1491–1547) 141, 151–3, 164


surrender and regrant 153, 160, 164, 165


wives 151


Henry the Navigator, Prince 120 heresy 111, 113, 139, 147 High Authority (Germany) 430 high crosses 42, 47 Hillery, Patrick 294 Himmler, Heinrich 355, 394 Hiroshima 373 historians 3–13 sources, reliability of 6 sources used by 5 historical consciousness 3, 13


442 history 2, 3 reinterpretation of 10, 13, 18


Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945) 288, 358, 378 foreign policies 362–4 rise to power 350–2


Hitler Youth 353 Ho Chi Minh 410 Hogan, Michael 262 Holocaust 393–7 aftermath 397


Home Rule 231, 234, 241, 242, 245, 251 in Ulster 260


Home Rule Bill (1886) 234 Home Rule Bill (1893) 235


Home Rule Bill (1912) 242, 243, 244, 245, 248


Home Rule Crisis (1912–1914) 242–4 Home Rule Party 231, 233 houses


Bronze Age 32 Celtic/Iron Age 33 Mesolithic 28 Middle Ages 69, 76 Neolithic 29 Roman 52 Viking 45


Howth gun-running 244, 256 humanism 111, 113


Hume, John (1937– ) 213, 305, 308, 314–16 humours 82 Hungarian Rising 413 Hungary 402, 434 hunger strikes 313 hunter-gatherers 18, 25, 27–8 Hurricane aircraft 372 Hyde, Douglas 236, 237, 280


I


Ignatius Loyola, St 142 Incas 127–8 Independence, War of (1919–1921) 261–3 Industrial Revolution 224–5, 228 Inquisition, the 111, 142, 144, 146, 147 insulae (apartment blocks) 51, 52–3, 64 internment 308 inventions 224–5 flying shuttle 224 mechanical reaper 216, 229 power loom 224 seed drill 216, 229 spinning jenny 224 spinning mule 224 steam engine 224 water frame 224


Iona 43


IRA see Irish Republican Army IRB see Irish Republican Brotherhood Ireland


in the 1500s 149–50 in the 1800s 206–14 in the 1840s 217 agriculture 209 and the EC/EU 433, 436–7 industry 207–8


political divisions (1884–1914) 231–2 politics (1800s) 210 population decline 222


relations with Britain, post-World War II 288


religious division 231–2 Tudors and 152–3


Irish Citizen Army 251 Irish Civil War see Civil War Irish diaspora 224–6, 229 Irish Free State 265 constitution (1922) 271, 322


Irish Free State Army (Regulars) 267, 271


Irish identity, effect of plantations on 162–3, 164 Irish language 94 decline of 163, 222, 223, 236 speakers (c.1700) 163


Irish Literary Revival 237, 248 Irish National Land League 235 Irish nationalists 231, 248


Irish Parliamentary Party 234, 235, 240, 248, 258–9


Irish Republican Army (IRA) 261 see also Provisional IRA banned 280


split 267


Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) 232, 234, 238, 240, 251–2


Military Council 251–2, 255 Irish Republicanism 203 Irish Shipping Company 282


Irish Volunteer Force (IVF) 144, 246, 248, 251–3


Irish Women’s Franchise League (IWFL) 320


Irish Women’s Liberation Movement 324


Iron Age (500 BC–400 AD) 22, 25, 26, 33–4, 36 Iron Curtain 402–3 Irregulars 267, 271 Isabella, Queen of Spain 122, 123, 144 Israel, foundation of 397 Italy


fascism in 349 the Renaissance 98–9


IVF see Irish Volunteer Force J


James I, King 157, 158, 160, 161, 164 James II, King 195 Jefferson, Thomas 175, 176 Jesuits 129, 142, 147 jewellery 14, 31, 34 John XXIII, Pope 297 Johnson, Lyndon B. 410 journeyman 77, 86 Julian calendar 62 Julius Caesar (45 BC) 62 Julius II, Pope (1443–1513) 99, 105, 136


K


Kampuchea 392 Kamenev, Lev 339, 342 Kay, John 224 Kennedy, John F. 294, 408–9, 420 Kenny, Mary 324 Khmer Rouge 392 Khruschev, Nikita 408–9 ‘killing fields’ 392 Kilmainham Gaol 255 Kilmainham Treaty 233 King, Martin Luther 213, 306, 422 kings, power of 136, 145, 146 Kirov, Sergei 342 knights 73–4, 86 Knox, John 141 Kohl, Helmut 434 Komsomol 343 Korea, division of 406–7 Korean War (1950–1953) 406 Kristallnacht 356, 393 kulaks 340


L


La Tène, Switzerland 34 labour camps 355, 395 Labour Party 251, 279


Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de 182


Lake, General 199, 201 land


confiscations 164 ownership 164, 195, 232 succession 153 surrender and regrant 153 tenant farmers 196 land annuities 280 Land League 233 landlords


enclosure and 216 see also tenant farmers


languages Irish 89, 94 Latin 62, 108 Norse words 89 vernacular 108


Laois-Offaly plantation (1554–1558) 154, 164


Larne gun-running 243 Late Late Show, The 296, 324 Latin 62, 79, 108 Latvia 434 Law of Falling Objects 111 League of German Maidens 353 League of Nations 332–4 Lebensraum 350, 362


legionaries 58, 59, 64


Lemass, Séan (1899–1971) 279, 282, 293–5, 304, 436


Lenin, Vladimir 331, 336–9 Testament 339


Leo X, Pope 139 Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) 97, 102–4 Last Supper, The 103 mirror writing 104 Mona Lisa, The 104 Notebooks 97, 104 Virgin of the Rocks, The 103


Leopold II, Emperor of Austria 186 Lithuania 434 Little Rock, Arkansas 422 Liverpool 225 Lloyd George, David 262–3, 265, 332 Łodz ghetto 394 Long, Walter Hume 232 longphorts 44, 47, 89 longships 44, 47, 118 Lord Lieutenant 210, 214, 241 Lough Gur, County Limerick 29


Louis XVI, King of France 176, 180, 182, 186, 187–8 execution of 187–8


loyalist(s) 307 terrorism 312


Luftwaffe 287, 362, 374, 376 Luther, Martin (1483–1546) 137–40, 146 beliefs 139–40 Bible, translation of 139 Catholic Church’s response to 139 Diet of Worms 139 excommunication 139, 147 indulgences, sale of 137 justification by faith alone 137, 147 marriage 140 ninety-five theses 138


Lynch, Jack 294 Lynch, Liam 271 Lynn, Kathleen 321


M


Maastricht Treaty 433–4 McAleese, Mary 325 MacArthur, General Douglas 407 McCafferty, Nell 324 McCormack, Cyrus 216 McCracken, Henry Joy 197, 200 MacCurtain, Tomás 262 Mac Diarmada, Seán 251 McDonagh, Thomas 251 McGuinness, Martin 315 MacMurrough, Aoife 91, 92


MacMurrough, Dermot, King of Leinster 91–2


MacNeill, Eoin 236, 244, 252, 259 MacSwiney, Terence 262 Machu Picchu 127 Magellan, Ferdinand de 119, 124 Maginot Line 365, 374 Mainz, Archbishop of 137 Majdanek concentration camp 395 Malinche (Aztec slave) 126 Manhattan Project 373 Mansion House, Dublin 259 manumission 53, 64 manuscripts 39, 40, 47, 80 Mao Zedong 406 maps 15, 115, 116, 117, 122


Marie Antoinette, Queen of France 186, 188


Markievicz, Constance 255, 259, 321 marriage 54, 72 marriage bar 323 Marshall, George 403 Marshall Plan 403, 429 martial law 413 Marx, Karl 337


Mary I, Queen (1554–1558) 151, 154, 155, 160 master craftsmen 77 masterpiece 77, 86 Maze Prison 313 Medici, Cosimo de (1389–1464) 100 Medici, Lorenzo de (1449–1492) 100, 105 Medici family 99 medicine


medieval 82, 110 Renaissance 110, 112


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