Index


3D reconstruction 22 38th parallel 406 1798 Rebellion 176, 191, 194–205 battles 200–1 British government’s response to 199 causes of 195–6, 204 consequences of 203, 204 French troops and 198–9, 202 Tone and 197–8


1960s


fashion 425 music 424 politics in 422–3 social change in 295, 422–3 technological change in 420–1 youth culture in 424–5


A


Abbey Theatre, Dublin 237 absolute monarch 180, 193 Acerbo Law 349 Act of Union (1800) 203, 210, 212 AD (Anno Domini) 9 Adams, Gerry 307, 315 Adams, John 170, 175 Adenauer, Konrad 428 aerial photographs 15, 19, 20, 25 African National Congress 423 Agricultural Revolution 216, 228 enclosure 216, 229 mechanical reaper 216, 229 Norfolk system 216 seed drill 216, 229 selective breeding 216, 229


agriculture 209


in Britain (1840s) 216 in Ireland (1840s) 217, 222 in Ireland (1920s and 1930s) 279 see also farming; tenant farmers


Ahern, Bertie 315 Aiken, Frank 271, 279 aircraft carriers 372 Aldrin, Edwin ‘Buzz’ 421 Alexander VI, Pope (1492–1503) 136 Allied powers 371


American Declaration of Independence 171, 172, 176


American Revolution 166–78 Battles of Lexington and Concord 171 the Boston Massacre 170 the Boston Tea Party 170–1 causes of 167–9, 177 Continental Congresses 171 France and 176, 182 results of 176, 196 Saratoga 174 Valley Forge 174 Yorktown 174


amphitheatre 50, 64 anatomy 102, 110, 112, 113 Ancient Ireland 26–35 Ancient Rome (753 BC–AD 476) 48–64 Christianity, growth of 61 education in 54 entertainment in 55–7 funerals 61 history of 49–50 housing 52–3 legacy of 62, 63 the people of 51 public baths 55 religion in 60–1 remnants of 48 Roman army 58–9 Roman Empire 49 Roman theatres 56 Roman towns 50 slaves 53 war machines 59 women and marriage 54


Anglicisation 236 Anglo-Irish 93, 96, 149, 150, 153, 164, 165 Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) 314 Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921) 264–6, 279 debates 266 dismantling 280


440


negotiations 264 pro-Treaty and anti-Treaty sides 267 terms 265


Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935) 362


Anglo-Spanish War 144 Annals of the Four Masters 2, 87 Anschluss 363 Anti-Discrimination Act (1974) 325 anti-Semitism 356 anti-war movement 411 aos dána 33 apartheid 423 Apollo mission 421 appeasement 365 Apprentice Boys 307 apprentices 77, 86 Áras an Uachtaráin 241 archaeological sites 15–16 archaeology/archaeologists 2–3, 13–25 3D reconstruction 22 bones, examining 22 dendrochronology 21 DNA testing 22 equipment 17 excavating a site 17 geophysical surveying 19 pollen analysis 20 radio-carbon (carbon-14) dating 18 rescue archaeology 15, 16 research archaeology 15 sites and 15–16 skills and methods 18–23 stratigraphy 21


archers 73 architecture Baroque 145 Gothic 79 Roman 62 Romanesque 79


archive 4, 13 Ardagh Chalice 16, 41 Ardennes 375


Ardnacrusha hydroelectric scheme 279 Arkwright, Richard 224 Armenian Genocide 391 arms race 405, 420 artefacts 14, 127 Bronze Age 5, 14, 26 prehistoric 26 Viking 45


Aryans 356 ASDIC (sonar) 372 Asgard (ship) 244 Asquith, Herbert 242 astrolabe 117, 118, 132 astronomy 111, 113 Atahualpa, Incan king 128 atomic bomb 373, 402 Attlee, Clement 303 Aud (ship) 252 Augustus, Emperor 49


Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp 395


Austria 363, 433


Austro-Hungarian Empire 329, 334 auto-da-fé 142 autobiography 5, 13 Auxiliaries 262 Axis powers 371 Aztecs 3, 114, 125–7


B


B-Specials 273 ‘baby boom’ 424 bailiff 67, 86 Bakewell, Robert 216 Balkan Wars (1912–1913) 391 Balkans 329


Baroque movement 145 Barry, Kevin 262 Barry, Tom 263 Barton, Robert 264 Bastille Day 184 Battle of the Atlantic (1940) 381 Battle of the Bogside (1969) 307


Battle of the Boyne (1690) 195 Battle of Britain (1940) 376 Battle of the Bulge (1944) 383 Battle of Clontarf (1014) 90 Battle of Concord (1775) 171 Battle of El Alamein (1942) 380 Battle of Hastings (1066) 91 Battle of Kinsale (1601) 157 Battle of Lexington (1775) 171 Battle of the Somme (1916) 330 Battle of Stalingrad (1942–3) 379 Battle of Waterloo (1815) 191 Battle of the Yellow Ford (1598) 157 Bay of Pigs 408 Bayeux Tapestry 66, 91 BC (Before Christ) 9 BCE (Before the Common Era) 9 Béal na Bláth, County Cork 269 Bective Abbey 15 beehive huts 38, 47 Beerhall Putsch 350 Belfast 207, 208, 214 Belfast Blitz 287, 303 Bell and Shrine of St Patrick 41 Benedictines 81 Benelux Agreement (1947) 429 Berehaven port, County Cork 265, 280 Berlin


bombing 382 sectors 404


Berlin Airlift 405 Berlin Blockade 404–5 Berlin Wall 412, 415 Bible


Gutenberg Bible 107–8 Luther and 137, 139, 140 Protestants and 145


biography 5 Birkenhead, Lord 265 Birmingham Pub Bombings 312 Black Death 83–4, 86, 94 Black and Tans 262 Blair, Tony 315 Blitz, the 377 see also Belfast Blitz Blitzkrieg 374 blood sacrifi ce 251 Bloody Sunday (1920) 262 Bloody Sunday (1972) 308 bodies, preservation of 16, 22 Boland’s Mill 253 Boleyn, Anne 151 Bolsheviks 331, 337 bones 22


Book of Durrow 36, 40 Book of Kells 40, 43 Borgia, Cesare, Cardinal 136 Boston Massacre 170 Boston Tea Party 170–1 boundary commission 265, 271 Boyne Valley, County Meath 29 Breen, Dan 261 Brehon Laws 95, 150, 163, 165 brehons 33 Brian Boru, King 90 Brigid, St 38 Britain


Agricultural Revolution 216, 228 cottage industry 224 and the EC/EU 433, 436 Industrial Revolution 224–5, 228 Irish diaspora 224–5 population 216 British Expeditionary Force (BEF) 375 Brockagh Axe and sheath 14 Broighter Collar 34


Bronze Age (2000–500 BC) 5, 14, 25, 26, 31–2, 34 Brownshirts 350 Brugha, Cathal 259


bubonic plague see Black Death Bukharin, Nicolai 339, 342 Bulgaria 402, 434


Bunreacht na hÉireann (1937 Constitution) 280, 322


burials Bronze Age 32


Celtic 34 grave goods 28, 30, 34, 35 Mesolithic 28 Neolithic 30


Burton, Joan 325 Butlers of Ormond 150 by-elections 258 Byrne, Gay 296


C


Cabot, John 124 calendars 9, 62, 69 Calvin, John 141 Cambodian Genocide 392 capitalism 402 carbon-14 dating 18 Caribbean (West Indies) 123


Carson, Edward (1854–1935) 232, 240, 243, 245, 246 cartographers 117 Cartwright, Edmund 224 Casement, Sir Roger 251–2, 255 Castle Document 252 Castle Garden, Manhattan 226 castles 70–1 Castro, Fidel 408 Cathach of St Columba 40, 42 cathedrals 79 Catherine of Aragon 151 Catholic Church 78, 146, 297 in 1500 134–6 absenteeism 135, 143, 147 abuses within 135–6, 146 churches, decoration of 145 conversions 129 Council of Trent 143


Counter-Reformation 140, 141, 142–3, 146


European kings and 136, 145, 146 excommunication 139, 147 Galileo vs. 111


indulgences, sale of 136, 137, 143, 146, 147 Inquisition 111, 142, 144, 146 Luther and 139 nepotism 135, 143, 147 pluralism 135, 147 the Renaissance 99, 134–5 seminaries 143 simony 135, 143, 147 wealth of 135, 146 Catholic emancipation 210, 211, 214 Catholic Emancipation Act (1829) 211 Catholics


land ownership 195 Penal Laws and 162, 165, 196 tithes 210, 212 CE (Common Era) 9 ceasefi res 314 Ceannt, Éamon 251 Céide Fields 20, 24, 29 Celts 33–4 censorship 281 census 5, 12, 13, 222, 223 Chamberlain, Austin 265 Chamberlain, Neville 365


Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 128, 139, 140, 151 charter 75, 86 Cheka 338, 351 Chelmno concentration camp 395 Chichester-Clarke, James 306 Chief Secretary 210, 214 Childers, Erskine 264, 269 Chinese Civil War 406 Choctaw Nation 221 Christ Church Cathedral 90, 93 Christendom 78, 86 Christian III, King 141 Christianity 62 in Ancient Rome 61 spread of 116, 129 Viking converts to 90


see also Early Christian Ireland (400–800 AD)


chronology 9, 13

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