2B J


Sorry I haven’t sent anything yet, I’ve been really ill the last few days and haven’t been able to do much. Will send it to you at some point today.


K


Thank you very much for the clarification. The article in question has also been published in a German journal so I think I can be sure it’s reputable.


3 L


That’s fine, thanks for the message. Come along on either Tuesday 4th


11–1, or Tuesday 11th 11–1 and we can have a meeting. If you could confirm the day, that would be great. M


We didn’t agree any time, right? How do you guys feel about 12 noon? I need to be gone by 5 p.m., but before that I’m free all day, and would probs prefer to meet before 12, just so we have enough time to make adjustments, but it’s up to you :)


Read the messages in 2 again. Choose the correct verb in the sentences about the messages A–M.


a When Reema sent A, she had / hadn’t found a useful article for Hiba. b Faisal had / hadn’t worked most of the night before he sent C. c Ayman had / hadn’t done his research when he sent F.


d Reema had / hadn’t got better when she wrote this message to her tutor.


e Hiba had / hadn’t uploaded her part of the project when she got H. f The group had / hadn’t agreed a meeting time when M was sent.


4


Complete the sentences using the past simple or past perfect and the correct form of the verbs in brackets.


a People started Before that, they (start, use)


b The lecturer


c After the group member


(discuss, choose) d I lecturer


how formal messages were written until the it to us. (realize, explain)


e Until everyone in the family we


a mobile phone, family meals talking to each other. (get, spend) f With the invention of the internet, researching for projects 5


In pairs. Take turns to tell your partner about important events in your life. Use the past perfect, past simple and present perfect.


Example A I got married last year. B Did you? That’s great! How long had you been engaged?


32 English for the 21st Century • Unit 2 easier. Up to that point, students spend hours in the library to get the information they needed. (become, have to) LANGUAGE REFERENCE


See www.garneteducation.com/ aou/student-resources/


using emails to communicate in the 1980s. faxes, phone calls and letters.


disappointed because the students their research before the seminar. (be, do) the topic for the project, each which section they wanted to write. C21


COLLABORATION: Teams and leaders See page 37➝


FOCUS Past perfect


We form the past perfect with had + a past participle. We use the past perfect to talk about an event that occurred before another event in the past.


Example Event 1 The students had a meeting to share their research for their project.


Event 2 Before that, each member of the group had worked individually to find articles.


Event 3 Since the meeting, each student has been writing up their part of the project on their own.


Put events 1, 2 and 3 in the order they happened. Which tenses are used for each event? Find examples of the past perfect, past simple and present perfect in the article in 2.


Grammar


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