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August, 2017 All-Electric Supercarrier Continued from page 1
in their ability to accept upgrades have become evident, and these are finally being overcome in the new Ford-class carriers. The massive 180-man berthing
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areas on Nimitz carriers have been replaced by 40-rack berthing areas, each area with its own head, includ- ing showers and vacuum septic toi- lets, but no urinals, keeping these ar- eas gender neutral. Air-conditioned crew quarters will allow the smaller crew to work more efficiently — all adding up to huge savings in operat- ing costs. The new carrier has a crew of
2,600 —700 fewer sailors than Nimitz- class carriers — plus approximately 1,700 pilots and aircraft support crew. Even with the reduction in crew size, that totals 4,000 men and women on board, still a far cry from the 5,000 on Nimitz-class carriers. That amounts to only 12,000 meals prepared and served each day, down from Nimitz’ 15,000. The smaller crew is possible due to more advanced technology, with automation replacing many pre- viously manual functions, and in the long term, will save the DoD many bil- lions of dollars. The ship uses electric power
wherever steam is used on Nimitz- class carriers to power its four propulsion screws, and to power the new electromagnetic catapults. Unlike Nimitz-class steam pow-
ered catapults, the new electromag- netic launchers will not hit the air- craft with a sudden starting jolt. It is believed that this gentler handling will add appreciably to the useful life of the costly aircraft being launched. The Nimitz-class carriers have
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been required to accept many new advances in technology over the decades, but most recently, they have simply not been able to keep up. Some of the major drawbacks have been limited available electric power and added weight due to upgrades, sometimes degrading the ship’s sta- bility. The Ford class, which will be- gin replacing Nimitz this year, has been designed to be future-proof with plenty of extra electrical power and room for upgrades and expansion. Since there are no steam pipes
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to corrode, a serious maintenance re- quirement has been eliminated. In addition, the hydraulics used in Nimitz arresting cables have been re- placed with arresting cables attached to electromagnetic braking systems. The ship is powered by a pair of
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Bechtel A1B nuclear power plants, each generating more than 300 megawatts of electrical power. Reac- tor heat makes steam, which turns generator turbines. The nuclear pow- er plants are highly streamlined, and have far fewer parts and reduced complexity compared with predeces- sor models.
According to the U.S. Navy, the JR-V Series Basic Dispensing
reactors can run the ship for 20 years before refueling with new fuel rods. Russia and China have yet to launch a single nuclear-powered aircraft carrier.
The ship itself was assembled Medical | Aerospace | Defense | Automotive | Mobile Devices
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from modules, specially designed for quick assembly. Interior spaces have been designed to be multipurpose, so a quick changeover is possible from a storage space to a control center, for example.
Probably the most exciting as-
pect of the new Ford class carrier are expectations for new weapons that are still being developed. One of these is a high-powered laser that can reportedly destroy missiles in flight and at a safe distance from the ship. Equally exciting is the antici- pated installation of one or more rail guns. These use electromagnetic force to accelerate and fire a projec- tile at seven to eight times the speed of sound, and because of this velocity, the projectile contains no high-explo- sive charge. The sheer speed of the projectile means that it will do enor- mous damage when it strikes its tar- get. Both of these weapons are in lat- ter stages of development, and their use is made possible by the carrier’s enormous excess of available electri- cal power. The second Ford-class carrier,
the John F. Kennedy (CVN-79), is now being built at the Newport News Ship- building facility. A third member of the class, a brand-new Enterprise (CVN-80), will have its keel laid in 2018. The U.S. Navy took delivery of the Gerald R. Ford on May 31 and now that the sea trials are finished, it will be commissioned in September. r
Stretchable, Compressible Supercapacitors
Continued from page 1
thickness retaining full functionali- ty, without breaking, cracking or any other damage. Electrolytes in supercapacitors
are often based on polyvinyl alcohol gels. To make such gels mechanically more flexible, elastic components, such as rubber or fibers, must be added. Zhi’s new electrolyte is based on a different principle: It is com- posed of a polyacrylamide (PAM) hy- drogel reinforced with vinyl-function- alized silica nanoparticles (VSNPs). This material is both very
stretchable, due to the cross-links by the vinyl-silica nanoparticle, and highly conductive, due to the nature of the polyelectrolyte, which swells with water and both holds and trans- fers ions. “VSNP cross-linkers serve as
stress buffers to dissipate energy and homogenize the PAM network. These synergistic effects are responsible for the intrinsic super-stretchability and compressibility of our supercapaci- tor,” says Zhi. To assemble a working superca-
pacitor with this polyelectrolyte, two identical carbon nanotube composite paper electrodes were directly paved on each side of the pre-stretched polyelectrolyte film. Upon release, a wavy, accordion-like structure devel- oped, showing surprising electro- chemical behavior. “The electrochemical perform-
ance gets enhanced with the increase of strain,” the scientists found. And the strain was enormous, the super- capacitor sustained 1,000 percent stretch and 50 percent compression at equal or even higher capacity. This flexibility makes the polyelec- trolyte very attractive for new devel- opments, including wearable elec- tronics. r
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