70 Water / Wastewater A simple and eff ective solution to chlorine generation
Chlorine (Cl2) has always been a diffi cult gas to handle when using traditional gas cylinders. It is very reactive and problematic in terms of accuracy and its erratic shelf life. This has made life diffi cult for personnel working across a wide range of industries, such as in the water treatment sector.
With this in mind, Euro-Gas designed and developed their GazCal Gas Generator, which is now an indispensable tool for people working with chlorine gas. Engineers within the water industry fi nd this rugged, portable and battery-operated tool ideal for testing and calibration, both in the lab and in the plant. The GazCal comes in a robust and compact carrying case and enables rapid testing and calibration with negligible warm-up time. This simple to use device can be operated by anyone! Simply set the necessary PPM level via the unit’s dial-up digital display and it is ready for action. The Gazcal generates Cl2 levels ranging from 0.5 – 20 ppm and is also suited to act as a surrogate for the cross- calibration of O3, ClO2, COCl2, HF and F2.
Euro-Gas have designed the GazCal to overcome the usual problems of a low shelf life. Cell life is only used up when the unit is in operation, whilst traditional cylinders can simply die out after up to 6 months. The generator can therefore last for up to a decade, often without the necessity to change the cell and needing only a yearly recertifi cation of calibration, which can be carried out by Euro-Gas or qualifi ed technicians at the site.
The GazCal cell has a lifetime of 500ppm hours, equating to 100 hours of constant use at a 5ppm concentration level, which enables a minimum of 400 individual calibrations. Operators can see the life span of the generating cell on the unit’s cell life indicator. Once the cell is used up, a new generating cell can be installed easily. Depending on the level of experience that the engineer has with gas detection calibration, regular small gas cylinders will usually only perform around 5 – 10 calibrations per cylinder. The GazCal may initially be more costly than a small cylinder but in the longer term, the generator will be far more economical.
Moreover, gas cylinders only attain one specifi c concentration per cylinder purchased, say for instance 5ppm of Cl2, whereas the GazCal is totally adjustable between the 0.5ppm to 20.0ppm range and in 0.1ppm steps. Therefore, the Gazcal produces many different concentration levels from one device. In addition, low concentrations of Cl2 are effi ciently produced with the GazCal, even 1ppm and 2ppm levels, whereas it is extremely problematic to achieve cylinder stability at low concentration levels.
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How Do Chile’s ‘Sacrifi ce Zones’ Aff ect Water Quality? TALKING POINT
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One of the central concerns animating the political struggle around Chile’s new constitution has been widespread strife in the nation’s ‘sacrifi ce zones’ - a group of fi ve areas selected for rapid industrial development, often at the cost of public and environmental health. Signifi cant proportions of the protestors that threw Chile into a crisis in 2019, which ultimately led to a drafted revision of the current constitution, were propelled by the anger and frustration that comes with living in these polluted regions. One of the main concerns of the local population is deteriorating water quality, which has severely disrupted the regional economy and forced ever greater numbers of Chileans into terrifyingly unsafe work in the industries responsible for the pollution. Although Chile ultimately rejected a draft constitution which attempted to meet these challenges, the bitterness felt in these areas has not waned, and it’s by no means clear that Chileans voted against the draft on account of its articles addressing water pollution – in fact, the reality is likely to be quite the opposite. In this way, getting a sense of just how water quality has been aff ected in Chile’s sacrifi ce zones is essential for those professionals interested in where Chile might take its water regulation in the coming years. When it comes to water pollution in Chile’s sacrifi ce zones, the pollutants that we’re dealing with primarily are arsenic, oil and coal – all of which are either directly or indirectly related to the industries for which these zones were established. To speak broadly, arsenic is produced by local copper smelters and refi neries; oil fi nds its way into the water supply when it spills out of the tankers arriving from the United States, Colombia and Australia that fuel the copper works; and coal is frequently dumped into the sea in the process of being transferred to the region’s thermoelectric plants. As you can tell, then, much of the water pollution stems from spillages, the frequency of which is, to be frank, rather shocking. For example, in only the last six years, there have been three major oil spills in just one of Chile’s sacrifi ce zones, the region of Quintero. The largest of the three came in 2014 when two oil tankers became disconnected, spilling 37,000 litres of oil in the process. Worryingly, coal spillages are even more commonplace, taking Quintero as an exemplary case. In 2018, Katta Alonso, the 65-year-old leader of the Women of the Sacrifi ce Zones who lives in Quintero, began to document the frequency of these spillages by investigating the sedimentation of coal on a local beach. According to Alonso’s report, there were 146 days in 2018 when coal could be found on the beach. In 2019, it rose to 170 days, which, to be clear, means it’s a coin-toss whether there’ll be a spill on any given day. None of this, of course, can do any wonders for oceanic life, and the main concern for many locals is the eff ect that this pollution is having on their
IET SEPTEMBER 2022
fi shing industry. One of the main sources of economic stability in these areas, which tend to be coastal, prior to their rapid industrialisation, fi shing has become almost impossible in Chile’s sacrifi ce zones now. To add insult to injury, even if these catastrophic spillages were to be reduced, the crop would already be spoiled. Exceedingly high concentrations of the arsenic that’s been streaming out of Chilean copper works can be found in many local aquatic species, including a prized regional crab, jaiba peluda, a 2016 study of which discovered arsenic levels of 57.8mg/kg, an amount thirty times above the permitted 2mg/kg. The state of water quality in these regions is so dire as to be bewildering; why has nothing been done about it? From the very beginning of the sacrifi ce zones in the 1950s, environmental health has played second fi ddle to the imperative of economic development. With the arrival of General Augusto Pinochet, however, in 1973, deregulation became a sort of religion. In favour of strengthening legal protections for private property, Pinochet’s administration created a legal infrastructure of blissful ignorance with regard to environmental degradation. For instance, the Water Code of 1981 privatised Chile’s water, which meant the state abandoning the safe-guarding responsibilities that had been attendant upon its maintenance as part of the commons. Most shockingly in light of the catastrophic impact this heavy metal has had upon the nation’s fi shing industry, Chile’s environmental regulations do not currently acknowledge arsenic as a pollutant! Frustration in the sacrifi ce zones with this lack of regulation found expression in a number of articles in the draft constitution which aimed at reversing these specifi c protections. In a broad challenge to Pinochet’s legal infrastructure, the draft accords rights to nature, including an inherent right to exist in its current form which no other rights can impede. Such provisions would make the Chilean state responsible for all types of environmental degradation, like pollution and ecological breakdown. Building on nature’s rights, the draft enshrines a human right to a healthy environment and establishes legal protections for water as a part of the commons that must be guaranteed in viable form for future generations. In keeping with this principle, the Chilean state will be responsible for protecting the integrity of the nation’s water systems by preserving watersheds, glaciers, permafrost, and oceans. The passing of the draft constitution was to be a sea change in environmental regulation. Despite the success of Reject, there is still a tremendous appetite for wide-ranging regulatory change in Chile. The matter is not if Chile will change its regulations on water quality, but what changes will be made.
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