368 F. Broekhuis et al.
FIG. 1 The study area in south-west Kenya where 747 structured interviews were conducted to assess people’s attitudes and behavioural intentions towards predators in and around the wildlife areas in the Maasai Mara.
conservancies have a board that comprises both tourism partners and landowners, where landowners are included in the decision-making process (Bedelian, 2014); some con- servancies allow controlled grazing of cattle or enforce a livestock depredation insurance policy, whereas others do not. As with the Maasai Mara National Reserve, illegal graz- ing does occur within the conservancies, resulting in fines that can cause animosity, especially during dry periods when resources are scarce (Bedelian & Ogutu, 2017). In the Maasai Mara National Reserve and the conservancies, the tourist lodges offer employment, frequently to local peo- ple, and pay additional lease fees to landowners (Thompson & Homewood, 2002; Narok County Council & Trans-Mara County Council, 2012; Bedelian, 2014). There are no physical barriers between the wildlife areas
and the surrounding community, and people, livestock and wildlife come into contact, which can result in negative in- teractions. In the Maasai Mara, Kolowski & Holekamp (2006) found that the main predator species that caused conflict were spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta (53%), leo- pards Panthera pardus (32%) and lions (15%; Kolowski & Holekamp, 2006) but cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus also occa- sionally predate on small stock (Broekhuis et al., 2018a). Broekhuis et al. (2017) found that during a 3-month period most households lost an average of 3.5% of their livestock to depredation. This loss can have significant financial impli- cations, especially as livestock is the main source of income
(Homewood et al., 2012). Furthermore, Maasai people invest a cultural value in livestock that exceeds their economic worth, making losses difficult to bear (Galaty, 1982).
Methods
Data collection Data were collected using semi-structured interviews (Supplementary Material 1) conducted in June and July 2015. Ten Maasai men from the community, who had pre- vious experience in conducting questionnaire-based inter- views, were employed to conduct the survey. Before the survey the interviewers attended a full-day workshop in which they were tested on their interviewing and note-taking skills and their ability to use a GPS. The ques- tionnaire was written in English but the interviews were conducted in Maasai. During the workshop each question was discussed and translated into Maasai to ensure consist- ency in translations between interviewers. We were interested in the effect of livestock depredation
on attitudes and behavioural intentions, so 820 households that kept livestock were randomly selected for the survey (see Broekhuis et al., 2017, for details). The most senior male of each household was interviewed, as they own the livestock and land, with the interviewer returning at a
Oryx, 2020, 54(3), 366–374 © 2018 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605318000091
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