TABLE 2 Averaged top models for the six species, with their AICs, ΔAICs, AIC weights, and the intercepts and coefficients (± SE) for detection and occupancy covariates. ‘X’ indicates that occupation was one of the detection covariates for that species.


Detection covariates Model1 (by species)


Cheetah p(OP).ψ(PA+HumDist + OP) p(OP).ψ(HumDist + OP) p(OP).ψ(PA+HumDist)


Elephant p(oc + OP).ψ(PA+ river + OP) p(oc + OP).ψ(PA.river) p(oc + OP).ψ(fence.river)


Hyaena p(oc).ψ(PA+ river)


AIC2 ΔAIC 305.72 0


AIC weight Intercept


0.42 305.76 0.03 0.41


1.94 ± 1.26 1.50 ± 1.10


307.53 1.81 0.17 −1.16 ± 0.82 420.77 0


421.01 0.24 0.33 422.66 1.89 0.15


0.56


0.38 −0.02 ± 0.54 X 0.04 ± 0.57 X


0.09 ± 0.55 X


p(oc + OP).ψ(PA+ fence +OP + river) 422.72 1.95 0.14 −0.03 ± 0.54 X 237.95 0


11.14 ± 72.3 X


Leopard p(oc + OP).ψ(PA+ OP)


Lion p(OP).ψ(PA+ SC) p(OP).ψ(PA)


355.34 0


p(oc + OP).ψ(PA+HumDist + OP) 355.98 0.64 0.33 −0.70 ± 1.37 X 521.50 0


0.45 −0.91 ± 1.35 X p(OP).ψ(PA+HumDist)


p(OP).ψ(PA+HumDist + river) p(OP).ψ(PA+HumDist + SC) p(OP).ψ(PA+ river)


Wild dog p(OP).ψ(SC + river)


p(OP).ψ(PA+ SC + river) p(OP).ψ(fence + SC + river) p(OP).ψ(river)


521.77 0.27 0.18 −0.77 ± 0.40 521.79 0.29 0.18 −0.88 ± 0.40 521.84 0.33 0.17 −0.92 ± 0.39 522.30 0.80 0.14 −1.07 ± 0.32 522.37 0.87 0.13 −0.78 ± 0.40


0.20 −1.05 ± 0.34 272.83 0 0.46


274.60 1.77 0.19 274.63 1.80 0.19 274.81 1.97 0.17


0.41 ± 0.67 0.48 ± 0.75 0.39 ± 0.64 1.42 ± 0.51


Occu- pation Open


Occupancy covariates Intercept PA (km)


HumDist (km)


−3.43 ± 2.08 8.49 ± 6.76 −4.68 ± 3.84 31.59 ± 15.08 −2.72 ± 1.74 15.60 ± 7.63


40.00 ± 17.52


2.02 ± 0.92 −7.06 ± 2.71 −3.02 ± 1.38 1.98 ± 0.86 −7.82 ± 5.18


2.18 ± 0.95 −6.23 ± 3.26 −3.90 ± 1.75 84.75 ± 40.88 0.051 ± 1.52 133.93 ± 65.30 −0.89 ± 2.61 −5.36 ± 3.13 −12.67 ± 5.94


−1.44 ± 3.00 −0.44 ± 4.91 −13.53 ± 6.63 9.50 ± 8.78 2.88 ± 0.66 −5.44 ± 2.77 −6.88 ± 2.88


2.65 ± 0.76 8.60 ± 9.94 −3.88 ± 2.06 18.12 ± 15.92 2.70 ± 0.76 8.04 ± 10.84 −4.02 ± 2.54 22.47 ± 18.51 2.90 ± 0.64 4.72 ± 10.25 −5.96 ± 3.03 16.03 ± 15.58 2.54 ± 0.77 −4.93 ± 2.56 −5.27 ± 2.37


2.52 ± 0.77 −2.71 ± 1.42 −4.88 ± 2.09


−0.70 ± 2.37 −11.94 ± 4.45 −0.58 ± 1.23 −0.49 ± 2.14 −11.44 ± 4.59 −4.99 ± 1.68 −6.46 ± 2.95


−0.51 ± 2.19 −11.90 ± 4.40 −7.04 ± 17.18


occupation of interviewee; river, mean distance to nearest river; fence, fenced proportion; SC, semi-closed & closed habitat proportion. 2Akaike Information Criterion.


−12.10 ± 9.29 −7.89 ± 6.70 −27.18 ± 12.9


4.24 ± 3.69


−26.12 ± 13.01 −20.94 ± 10.99


5.17 ± 2.40 5.24 ± 2.43 5.10 ± 2.40


1p(.. .) Detection probability covariates; OP, open habitat proportion; ψ(.. .), site use probability covariates; PA, mean distance from protected area; HumDist, mean distance to nearest human infrastructure; oc,


−13.06 ± 5.90 −14.01 ± 7.18


4.63 ± 3.64


2.07 ± 1.47 13.09 ± 8.84 −3.46 ± 2.80 28.24 ± 14.54 2.17 ± 0.96 −5.85 ± 2.81 −3.97 ± 1.75


Fence River (km) OP


10.97 ± 7.15 11.90 ± 5.71


−47.39 ± 29.08 −39.13 ± 20.68


−25.84 ± 11.49 −2.67 ± 1.87 −27.15 ± 11.05


1.78 ± 8.14 −27.10 ± 12.92 −2.56 ± 1.93 SC


400 E. K. Madsen and F. Broekhuis


Oryx, 2020, 54(3), 395–404 © 2018 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605318000297


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