49. Nettle D, Andrews C, Bateson M. Food insecurity as a driver of obesity in humans: the insurance hypothesis. Behav and Brain Sci. 2017;40:e105. doi:10 . 1017 / S0140525X16000947
50. Dhurandhar EJ. The food-insecurity obesity paradox: a resource scarcity hypothesis. Physiol Behav. 2016;162:88-92. doi:10 . 1016 / j . physbeh . 2016 . 04 . 025
51. Cardel M, Pavela G, Janicke D, et al. Experimentally manipulated low social status and food insecurity alter eating behavior among adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Obesity. 2020;28(11):2010-2019. doi:10 . 1002 / oby . 23002
52. Cheon BK, Hong Y-Y. Mere experience of low subjective socioeconomic status stimulates appetite and food intake. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2017;114(1):72-77. doi:10 . 1073 / pnas . 1607330114
53. Wang Y. Cross-national comparison of childhood obesity: the epidemic and the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30(5):1129-1136. doi:10 . 1093 / ije / 30 . 5 . 1129
54. Wardle J, Waller J, Jarvis MJ. Sex differences in the association of socioeconomic status with
obesity.Am J Public Health. 2002;92(8):1299-1304. doi:10 . 2105 / AJPH . 92 . 8 . 1299
55. Wang Y, Lim H. The global childhood obesity epidemic and the association between socio-economic status and childhood obesity. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2012;24(3):176-188. doi:10 . 3109 / 09540261 . 2012 . 688195
56. Pavela G, Lewis DW, Locher J, Allison DB. Socioeconomic status, risk of obesity, and the importance of Albert J. Stunkard. Curr Obes Rep. 2016;5(1):132-139. doi:10 . 1007 / s13679 - 015 - 0185 - 4
57. Drewnowski A. Obesity, diets, and social inequalities. Nutr Rev. 2009;67:S36-S39. doi:10 . 1111 / j . 1753 - 4887 . 2009 . 00157 . x
58. LaVeist TA. Disentangling race and socioeconomic status: a key to understanding health inequalities. J Urban Health. 2005;82(2 suppl 3):iii26-iii34. doi:10 . 1093 / jurban / jti061
59. Rogers R, Eagle TF, Sheetz A, et al. The relationship between childhood obesity, low socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity: lessons from Massachusetts. Child Obes. 2015;11(6):691-695. doi:10 . 1089 / chi . 2015 . 0029
60. Fradkin C, Wallander JL, Elliott MN, Tortolero S, Cuccaro P, Schuster MA. Associations between socioeconomic status and obesity in diverse, young adolescents: variation across race/ethnicity and gender. Health Psychol. 2015;34(1):1-9. doi:10 . 1037 / hea0000099
61. Merolla DM, Jackson O. Structural racism as the fundamental cause of the academic achievement gap. Sociology Compass. 2019;13(6):e12696. doi:10 . 1111 / soc4 . 12696
62. Quillian L, Pager D, Hexel O, Midtbøen AH. Meta- analysis of field experiments shows no change in racial discrimination in hiring over time. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114(41):10870-10875. doi:10 . 1073 / pnas . 1706255114
63. Watts RJ, Carter RT. Psychological aspects of racism in organizations. Group and Organ Stud. 1991;16(3):328- 344. doi:10 . 1177 / 105960119101600307
64. Sharifi M, Sequist TD, Rifas-Shiman SL, et al. The role of neighborhood characteristics and the built environment in understanding racial/ethnic disparities in childhood obesity. Prev Med.2016;91:103-109. doi:10 . 1016 / j . ypmed . 2016 . 07 . 009
65. Lamichhane AP, Warren J, Puett R, et al. Spatial patterning of supermarkets and fast food outlets with respect to neighborhood characteristics. Health Place. 2013;23:157-164. doi:10 . 1016 / j . healthplace . 2013 . 07 . 002
66. Powell LM, Slater S, Mirtcheva D, Bao Y, Chaloupka FJ. Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States. Prev Med. 2007;44(3):189-195. doi:10 . 1016 / j . ypmed . 2006 . 08 . 008
67. James P, Arcaya MC, Parker DM, Tucker-Seeley RD, Subramanian SV. Do minority and poor neighborhoods have higher access to fast-food restaurants in the United States? Health Place. 2014;29:10-17. doi:10 . 1016 / j . healthplace . 2014 . 04 . 011
68. Zenk SN, Schulz AJ, Israel BA, James SA, Bao S, Wilson ML. Neighborhood racial composition, neighborhood poverty, and the spatial accessibility of supermarkets in metropolitan Detroit. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(4):660-667. doi:10 . 2105 / AJPH . 2004 . 042150
69. Beaulac J, Kristjansson E, Cummins S. A systematic review of food deserts, 1966-2007. Prev Chronic Dis. 2009;6(3):A105. Accessed October 2021. www . cdc . gov / pcd / issues / 2009 / jul / 08_0163 . htm
70. Hendrickson D, Smith C, Eikenberry N. Fruit and vegetable access in four low-income food deserts communities in Minnesota. Agric Human Values. 2006;23(3):371-383. doi:10 . 1007 / s10460 - 006 - 9002 - 8
71. MacNell L, Elliott S, Hardison-Moody A, Bowen S. Black and Latino urban food desert residents’ perceptions of their food environment and factors that influence food shopping decisions.J Hunger Environ Nutr. 2017;12(3):375-393. doi:10 . 1080 / 19320248 . 2017 . 1284025
72. Jannah N, Hild J, Gallagher C, Dietz W. Coverage for obesity prevention and treatment services: analysis of Medicaid and state employee health insurance programs. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018;26(12):1834- 1840. doi:10 . 1002 / oby . 22307
73. Richardson LD, Norris M. Access to health and health care: how race and ethnicity
matter.Mt Sinai J Med. 2010;77(2):166-177. doi:10 . 1002 / msj . 20174
74. Perez NP, Westfal ML, Stapelton SM, Pratt JS, Chang DC, Kelleher CM. Beyond insurance: race-based disparities in the use of metabolic and bariatric surgery for the management of severe pediatric
obesity.Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2020;16(3):414-419. doi:10 . 1016 / j . soard . 2019 . 11 . 020
75. Newsome FA, Dilip A, Armstrong SC, Salloum RG, Cardel MI. Scaling-up stage 4 pediatric obesity clinics: identifying barriers and future directions using implementation science. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2021;29(6):941-943. doi:10 . 1002 / oby . 23162
40 SECTION 1: Foundations of Treatment: The Human Element
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208 |
Page 209 |
Page 210 |
Page 211 |
Page 212 |
Page 213 |
Page 214 |
Page 215 |
Page 216 |
Page 217 |
Page 218 |
Page 219 |
Page 220 |
Page 221 |
Page 222 |
Page 223 |
Page 224 |
Page 225 |
Page 226 |
Page 227 |
Page 228 |
Page 229 |
Page 230 |
Page 231 |
Page 232 |
Page 233 |
Page 234 |
Page 235 |
Page 236 |
Page 237 |
Page 238 |
Page 239 |
Page 240 |
Page 241 |
Page 242 |
Page 243 |
Page 244 |
Page 245 |
Page 246 |
Page 247 |
Page 248 |
Page 249 |
Page 250 |
Page 251 |
Page 252 |
Page 253 |
Page 254 |
Page 255 |
Page 256 |
Page 257 |
Page 258 |
Page 259 |
Page 260 |
Page 261 |
Page 262 |
Page 263 |
Page 264 |
Page 265 |
Page 266 |
Page 267 |
Page 268 |
Page 269 |
Page 270 |
Page 271 |
Page 272 |
Page 273 |
Page 274 |
Page 275 |
Page 276 |
Page 277 |
Page 278 |
Page 279 |
Page 280 |
Page 281 |
Page 282 |
Page 283 |
Page 284 |
Page 285 |
Page 286 |
Page 287 |
Page 288 |
Page 289 |
Page 290 |
Page 291 |
Page 292 |
Page 293 |
Page 294 |
Page 295 |
Page 296 |
Page 297 |
Page 298 |
Page 299 |
Page 300 |
Page 301 |
Page 302 |
Page 303 |
Page 304 |
Page 305 |
Page 306 |
Page 307 |
Page 308 |
Page 309 |
Page 310 |
Page 311 |
Page 312 |
Page 313 |
Page 314 |
Page 315 |
Page 316 |
Page 317 |
Page 318 |
Page 319 |
Page 320 |
Page 321 |
Page 322 |
Page 323 |
Page 324 |
Page 325 |
Page 326 |
Page 327 |
Page 328 |
Page 329 |
Page 330 |
Page 331 |
Page 332 |
Page 333 |
Page 334 |
Page 335 |
Page 336 |
Page 337 |
Page 338 |
Page 339 |
Page 340 |
Page 341 |
Page 342 |
Page 343 |
Page 344 |
Page 345 |
Page 346 |
Page 347 |
Page 348 |
Page 349 |
Page 350 |
Page 351 |
Page 352 |
Page 353 |
Page 354 |
Page 355 |
Page 356 |
Page 357 |
Page 358 |
Page 359 |
Page 360 |
Page 361 |
Page 362 |
Page 363 |
Page 364 |
Page 365 |
Page 366 |
Page 367 |
Page 368 |
Page 369 |
Page 370 |
Page 371 |
Page 372 |
Page 373 |
Page 374 |
Page 375 |
Page 376 |
Page 377 |
Page 378 |
Page 379 |
Page 380 |
Page 381 |
Page 382 |
Page 383 |
Page 384 |
Page 385 |
Page 386 |
Page 387 |
Page 388 |
Page 389 |
Page 390 |
Page 391 |
Page 392 |
Page 393 |
Page 394 |
Page 395 |
Page 396 |
Page 397 |
Page 398 |
Page 399 |
Page 400 |
Page 401 |
Page 402 |
Page 403 |
Page 404 |
Page 405 |
Page 406 |
Page 407 |
Page 408 |
Page 409 |
Page 410 |
Page 411 |
Page 412 |
Page 413 |
Page 414 |
Page 415 |
Page 416 |
Page 417 |
Page 418