FIGURE 12.1 Comparative models of energy expenditure29,30 3,000 2,000 1,000 0


PAEE: Exercise PAEE: NEAT REE TEF


Model


Abbreviations: PAEE, physical activity energy expenditure; NEAT, non-exercise thermogenesis; REE, resting energy expenditure; TEF, thermic effect of food. The constrained model predicts that as energy expended in physical activity increases, total energy expenditure rises to a lesser degree. This is explained by compensation shown here resulting from a decrease in resting energy expenditure. In contrast, the additive model predicts no compensation and an increase in total energy expenditure equivalent to the additional kilocalories expended in physical activity. The performance model predicts an increase in both resting energy expenditure and physical activity energy expenditure as a result of increased physical activity.


FIGURE 12.2 Energy balance predictions in constrained vs additive models of energy expenditure 0 -50 -100 Additive model -150 -200 -250 0 50 100 150 200 250 Number of days of physical training


The additive model of energy expenditure predicts a constant negative energy balance following increased physical activity assuming the elevated physical activity remains constant and there is no change in dietary intake. The constrained model predicts an energy deficit that is constrained within limits due to a compensatory decrease in resting energy expenditure.


CHAPTER 12: Physical Activity Interventions 201 Constrained model


Energy balance, kcal Energy expenditure, kcal


Baseline Constrained Additive Performance


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