flees the sound at the onset of piling as assumed by JNCC (2010). However, the effect of SEL dose may increase the risk over larger ranges.
•
Instantaneous injury (auditory and non-auditory) of fish was estimated to only be likely at ranges less than 250m from the pile, although the effect of SEL dose may increase this range. However, fish in very close proximity to the pile would likely move away from the pile during installation thus decreasing their SEL dose.
• •
Pinnipeds may suffer instantaneous TTS and exhibit a fleeing response to the piling noise at ranges up to about 2.5km.
Low and mid-frequency cetaceans would not be expected to suffer instantaneous TTS or exhibit a fleeing response to the noise at ranges exceeding 500m from the pile.
• Harbour porpoise may suffer instantaneous TTS and exhibit a fleeing response to the pile driving noise at ranges of up to about 8km from the pile.
•
Behavioural response / possible avoidance ranges, considered in this assessment as a more modest behavioural response compared to fleeing, were estimated out to about 37km to 70km from the sound source for harbour porpoise. Such spread of ranges for a single hammer energy reflects the dependence on the location of the foundation within the site and the bearing away from the foundation, with the longer avoidance distance only occurring along limited transects from the source.
• Mid-frequency cetaceans for East Anglia THREE could be considered to be likely to avoid ranges up to about 4km from the foundation and may possibly avoid the sound source at ranges up to about 12km, depending on the location of the foundation and the bearing away from the foundation.
•
Low-frequency cetaceans could be considered to be likely to avoid ranges up to about 20km to 35km from the foundation. Possible avoidance may be observed at a greater ranges around the foundation, of about 42km to 93km, depending on the activity of the animal, the location of the foundation within the site and the bearing away from the foundation, with the longer avoidance distance only occurring along limited transects from the source; and
•
Pelagic fish may exhibit a general behavioural response at a range of about 16km to 48km around the foundation. Fish near the seabed may show an equivalent response at smaller ranges of up to about 11km to 34km. The
Preliminary Environmental Information May 2014
East Anglia THREE Offshore Windfarm Appendix 9.1 Underwater Noise Modelling 65
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