Table 9.11. Summary of impact distances for fish near the sea bed (e.g. demersal fish), estimated for pile driving during construction at East Anglia THREE for different hammer energies. Behavioural disturbance of area is stated as the minimum to the 95th percentile impact distance, where the actual impact distance within this range will depend on the transect and piling location. Larger impact distances may occur along limited transects for some locations (their approximate extent is indicated in brackets). Impact ranges are rounded up to the nearest 50m for distance of 500m and less, up to the nearest 500m for distances of 3km and less, and up to the nearest 1km for distances greater than 3km.
Impact criterion Instantaneous injury / PTS
(peak pressure level 206dB re 1 μPa)
Startle response
(peak pressure level 200dB re 1 μPa)
Behavioural disturbance
(peak pressure level 168 - 173dB re 1 μPa)
~7 to 20†km (~22km)
†95th percentile impact range.
9.6.1.2.2 Behaviour 115. The behavioural influence of the piling noise has been classified into two distinct criteria: i) Startle response / C-turn reaction; and ii) General behavioural response (fish move to bottom of cage), and follows the work of McCauley et al. (2000a) and Pearson et al. (1992).
116. The impact ranges for general behavioural response indicate that changes in swimming and schooling behaviour may occur out to between around 16km and 48km, assuming piling at full hammer strike (3,500kJ), and will depend on pile location and bearing from the source. It should be noted that the longest stated impact distances only occur along limited transects from the source. For hearing sensitive species dwelling near or on the seabed, the ranges for general behavioural changes using a 3,500kJ hammer blow energy would be expected to be less, at about 11km and up to about 34km from the pile. Because this criterion is stated as a spread of noise levels (see Section 9.5), the impact ranges estimated for changes in swimming and schooling behaviour are also stated as an impact range spread (also see Table 9.10 and Table 9.11). This spread indicates the uncertainty associated with this criterion due to the type of fish, its sex, age and condition, as well as other stressors to which the fish is or has been exposed. The response of the fish may also depend on the reasons and drivers for the fish being in the area.
Preliminary Environmental Information May 2014
East Anglia THREE Offshore Windfarm Appendix 9.1 Underwater Noise Modelling 52
~9 to 23†km (~26km)
~10 to 24†km
(~27km)
~10 to 27†km
(~31km)
~11 to 30†km
(~34km) <350m <500m <500m <1.0km <1.0km
1,400kJ hammer energy
2,000kJ hammer energy
2,300kJ hammer energy
3,000kJ hammer energy
3,500kJ hammer energy
<100m <150m <150m <200m <250m
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