Figure 1
CNS Stimulants • Cocaine
• Methamphetamine • Ritalin and Adderall
Hallucinogens • MDMA • LSD
• Psilocybin (magic mushrooms)
Opiates • Heroin
• Oxycodone • Hydrocodone
Cannabis • Marijuana • Hashish • Hash oil
• Marinol/Sativax Alcohol
CNS Depressants • Xanax • GHB • Valium
Inhalants • Toluene • Freon • Poppers
Dissociative Anesthetics • PCP
• Ketamine • DXM
At the conclusion of this process,
you can use a matrix on the back of a supplied pupilometer to determine what drug category the person is under the influence of. This will show if the person is currently under the influence of a drug or not.
Toxicology and DART Aſter administering the drug evaluation, you would then use your company’s preferred method of toxicological testing. From my experience working drug enforcement, I have found that a number of suspects that are subjects of random drug tests will use drugs other than those commonly tested for. As an example, I have run across truck drivers and other people that are mandated to take a drug test in their workplace. Tose people will substitute methamphetamine and cocaine (two commonly tested for drugs) with bath salts or spice. Researchers are now noticing this
trend as well. Dina Perrone, PhD, a professor at California State University at Long Beach, is conducting a study into the habits of people using synthetic drugs. Dr. Perrone surveyed 374 undergraduate students and interviewed 25 “designer drug” users. She found that a majority of synthetic cannabis (spice) users were trying to avoid drug test screenings or criminal sanctions, since synthetic cannabinoids don’t show up in standard urine drug tests. Dr. Perrone said, “Most were using synthetic cannabinoids to avoid positive drug tests, seeking some type of altered state but trying to do so without getting punished.” Many synthetic marijuana users in the study were attending abstinence-only drug treatment programs, under community correctional supervisions, seeking employment, or joining the U.S. military, and would return to marijuana after the drug testing period ended. Tis whole process can be compared
to a DUI investigation. An officer makes a stop, completes a series of tests to show that the person is actively intoxicated,
16 datia focus
and follows it up with a portable breath test (PBT) to lock in their dominance on the investigation. Te DAR process is no different. Te DAR exam is the roadside field sobriety test and the presumptive drug screen is the equivalent of a PBT test.
DAR In the Workplace If you implement a Drug Abuse Recognition program in the workplace, you as an employer can ensure that drug-using employees are stopped before they can do harm. It also provides more substance to a reasonable suspicion drug test that would be difficult to refute later on, even if the person came back with a negative drug test. Even aſter being trained on the 7-step DAR process, the skills learned in the classroom make even passive detection possible. DAR practitioners become adept at seeing signs of active drug influence even without doing the 7-step process. Te DAR program, used in conjunction with a drug testing program, can make a workplace and our roads that much safer.
1
Associated Press. Crane operator allegedly high while working on Philadelphia demolition site turns himself in to authorities. New York Daily News 8 June 2013, 1. Print
2
Perrone, Dina, Randi Helgesen, and Ryan Fischer. United States drug prohibition and legal highs: How drug testing may lead cannabis users to Spice. 2013 Informa Care
Keith Graves has been a police officer in the San Francisco Bay Area for 25 years and is currently a sergeant assigned to patrol. Keith is a Drug Recognition Expert Instructor (IACP #3292) and teaches both the DRE course and the Drug Abuse Recognition Course. He has also taught at the basic police academy and has developed a number of drug courses for the California Narcotics Officers Association. Keith has held assignments as a narcotics/vice detective, COPPS Officer, traffic officer, and SWAT team leader. He has taught thousands of officers and businesses about drug use, drug trends, compliance training and drug investigations. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in Business Management from Saint Mary’s College of California. Keith is the founder and president of Graves & Associates, a company dedicated to providing drug training to law enforcement and private industry.
summer 2015
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