xxii SUMMARY Effects of Participation in the NAADS Program on Outcomes


Access to Advisory Services and Adoption of New Enterprises and Technologies


We find that farmers participating directly in the NAADS program (NAADSDIR) were associated with a greater increase in access to advisory services between


2004 and 2007 than were their nonparticipating counterparts, either those


based in the same areas where the program was implemented (NAADSNON-2) or those based elsewhere (NAADSNON-3). When they are compared to indirect par- ticipants (NAADSNON-1), however, we find the opposite effect, because indirect participants (NAADSNON-1) received many more extension visits in 2004 and 2007. Although in extension there is a move away from individual farm visits


toward the farmer group approach used under the NAADS program, the results show that indirect participants, on average, had more exposure to agricultural advisory services than did direct participants at the beginning of implementa- tion of the NAADS program. Direct participation did not have any statistically significant effect on adoption of new crop and livestock enterprises and the improved agricultural technologies and practices considered here, except in the case of recommended planting and spacing practices, where it was associ- ated with greater use, but only when compared with nonparticipation in areas


where the program had never been implemented (NAADSNON-3). The lack of statistical significance of the effect of direct participation in the program on adoption of improved agricultural technologies and practices is surprising and inconsistent with our theoretical predictions. But it is not unreasonable. Adoption of these (e.g., improved seeds and livestock breeds, inorganic fertilizers, and pesticides), with the exception of recommended planting and spacing practices, requires farmers to have financial resources and/or credit facilities from which to acquire them. Therefore, the positive impact of the NAADS program on adoption of recommended planting and spacing practices is not surprising, because such practices may require only additional labor at most. The question is whether greater adoption of recom- mended planting and spacing practices is sufficient to drive the expected changes in subsequent outcome indicators, including increased productivity, commercialization of production, incomes, and welfare.


Crop and Livestock Productivity and Commercialization of Production


We find that direct participation had a greater average effect on livestock productivity than on crop productivity, which is consistent with the positive impact on the sale of livestock and livestock products, which is estimated to have been an increase of about 8 percent between 2004 and 2007.


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