OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS OF NAADS 109
To investigate the inconsistency of the previous results compared to those obtained separately from estimation of crop and livestock productivity, we thought that changes in income from the different agricultural subsectors might be moving in opposite directions to the extent that they do not add up as one might expect. Figure 5.10 shows a plot of the crop and livestock produc- tivity measures for the direct participants and different control groups. The figure suggests that indeed changes in income from crop and livestock sources between 2004 and 2007 rarely moved in the same direction. Although we con- trol for change in the main income-generating activities (i.e., crops, livestock, etc.) of the households in our estimations, because of the enterprise-based approach of the NAADS program, change in the aggregate income measure is likely more challenging to explain with the type of matching done and the reduced-form model used here.
Other Factors Affecting Change in Agricultural Revenue Detailed selected results on changes in other factors that influenced change in agricultural revenue per AE between 2004 and 2007 are shown in Table A.9. The main contributing factors were changes in sources of income and access to credit and all-weather roads. Compared to no change in source of income, the shift away from crop production activities had a negative association, whereas the shift away from livestock production activities had a positive association. Improvement in access to credit was associated with an increase in agricultural revenue across the board, whereas improvement in access to all-weather roads had mixed associations, positive for the subsample with
NAADSNON-3 households but negative for the subsample with NAADSNON-2 house- holds. The negative and significant effect associated with the initial value of agricultural revenue suggests a decline in agricultural revenue between 2004 and 2007 across the board.
Food and Nutrition Security and Overall Wealth
In the two household surveys, farmers were asked to report their perception of how their households’ food and nutrition security (i.e., access to food and nutritional quality of food) and average level of wealth had changed (increased, not changed, or worsened) between 2000 and 2004 and between 2004 and 2007. The descriptive statistics presented in Figure 5.11 show that the
proportion of the direct participants (NAADSDIR) who perceived an improve- ment in their situation generally increased over time, whereas the propor- tions of the different control groups who perceived an improvement in their situation generally decreased over time, increased marginally, or remained unchanged. Although the proportions who perceived a worsening situation
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