130 CHAPTER 5 Livelihood Strategies and Land and Nonland Assets


Direct participants in the program that experienced a shift in their primary sources of livelihood away from crop production activities were associated with a greater increase in agricultural revenue per AE, particularly when compared to those in areas where the program was never implemented. The amount of land owned was also a significant factor that enhanced the impacts of the program. Although the impact was greater among households that owned less


than 1 acre of land, when NAADSDIR households are compared with NAADSNON-3 households, it was lower when they are compared with NAADSNON-1 households. Among those where the program had never been never implemented, the esti-


mated impact on livestock productivity was greater among those that owned at least one acre of land. Looking at nonland assets (i.e., when the estima- tion is done for different asset terciles), we find that the NAADS program has been successful in increasing the average crop and livestock productivity and the agricultural revenue of the poor and the rich alike. For example, among the poorest households (tercile 1) and those in the middle-asset category (tercile 2), the estimated impacts were larger for livestock productivity and agricultural revenue, respectively. Together, these results suggest that the NAADS program’s objective of targeting the economically active poor, including those with limited physical and financial assets, has been effective in increas- ing revenue. The fact that richer households, particularly those with greater land assets, also benefited underlies the importance of increasing households’ capacity to acquire the improved technologies and related advisory services being promoted by the NAADS program.


Access to Services and Infrastructure and Regional Location The results associated with access to infrastructure are quite interesting, because they seem counterintuitive at first glance. Basically, the results from using the group approach show that the estimated average impact of the program was greater among households living relatively farther away from credit services and markets. This suggests that the NAADS program, by bring- ing farmers advisory services and grants for acquiring necessary technologies in addition to creating market linkages, has been more effective in areas with poor access to the services and infrastructure needed to support technology adoption and increased commercialization of agricultural production. Where access to such services and infrastructure (including access to all-weather roads) is good, farmers not participating in the program are able to acquire on their own the improved technologies being promoted by the NAADS program as well as related advisory services. Looking at the distribution of the impacts of the program across the four regions, the results are not statistically significant, with the exception of the result regarding greater average agricultural revenue


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