94 CHAPTER 5
Other Factors Affecting Change in Adoption of Improved Technologies
The detailed regression results presented in Table A.3 show that several factors besides participation in the NAADS program have contributed to the adoption by farmers of different improved agricultural technologies and practices. As with the previous outcomes analyzed, different factors have different effects on adoption of different technologies and practices, which also differ across the different matched subsamples and model specifications. Gender of the household head, for example, is a statistically significant factor only in the adoption of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. We find that female-headed households were associated with a lower rate of adoption of pesticides across
the board and with a lower rate of adoption of fertilizers when NAADSDIR house- holds are compared with NAADSNON-2 households only. Consistent with previous findings, age was generally negatively associated with adoption, although it
was statistically significant only in the case of pesticides. Education had positive associations with adoption of recommended plant- ing and spacing practices, pesticides, and improved livestock breeds (particu-
larly among the subsample with NAADSNON-3 households). Larger households and membership in other organizations were also associated with greater adoption, especially of improved crop varieties, recommended spacing and planting practices, pesticides, and improved livestock breeds, although there were differences across the different subsamples with direct and indirect participants. The positive association between household size and adoption of any of the technologies and practices is not surprising given the relatively large labor requirements for engaging in those activities. The effect of primary sources of income and access to infrastructure and services was mixed. For example, better access to roads and markets was associated with greater likelihood of adoption of improved livestock breeds
(among the subsample with NAADSNON-1 households) and inorganic fertilizers (with NAADSNON-2 households), respectively. As for the regional location of households, the likelihood of adopting improved technologies and practices
was generally lower in the other three regions compared to the Central Region, except in the case of recommended spacing and planting practices; households in the Northern Region were the most likely to adopt them.
Crop and Livestock Productivity
This section focuses on the impact of the NAADS program and other factors on crop and livestock productivity. Crop productivity was measured by the value of total crop output per acre of cultivated land, whereas livestock pro- ductivity was measured as the sum of change (i.e., gain or loss) in the value of the stock of animals and the value of products (milk, cheese, meat, etc.)
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