OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS OF NAADS 105
the program was never implemented (NAADSNON-3) (see the column of results under livestock headed ATTNON-3). Based on our preferred model (i.e., Model III estimated by 2SWR with covariates, corrected for the sampling character-
istics, and based on the subsample using the three and five nearest-neighbor matches), the direct effect of the program on change in the share of livestock output sold by farmers between 2004 and 2007 can be estimated to have been in the neighborhood of 8 percent.
Other Factors Affecting Change in Marketed Output Changes in other factors significantly influenced changes in the share of crop, livestock, and total agricultural output that was sold between 2004 and 2007, although the estimated effects differ across crops and livestock and also across different subsamples of participation (see Tables A.6–A.8 for details). For example, increase in the age of the household head was associated with an increase in the marketed share of livestock output but a reduction in the mar- keted share of crop and total output. Change in education was significant only in the regressions on the marketed share of livestock output, with mixed effects. Regarding the other factors, increase in household size was associated with a decrease in the marketed share of crop output but an increase in the marketed
share of livestock output, particularly among the subsample with NAADSNON-1 households. Changes in income source and access to infrastructure had mixed associations. Improvements in access to all-weather roads and markets were associated with an increase in the marketed share of crop and total agricultural output. An improvement in access to credit, on the other hand, was associated with a decrease in the marketed share of crop, livestock, and total agricultural output. As with previous results, the negative and significant effect associated with the initial value of the share of marketed output suggests a decline in the share of marketed output between 2004 and 2007 across the board.
Agricultural Income
Agricultural income is measured by agricultural gross revenue per adult equiva- lent (AE), which is the total value of crop, livestock, beekeeping, and aqua- culture output divided by the total number of household members in terms of AEs. The issue of how livestock productivity was measured is still relevant here. Thus we also used agricultural revenue associated with the three differ- ent combinations of percentages introduced earlier (10/25, 15/25, and 25/50). The descriptive statistics for the extreme end of the combinations are shown in Figure 5.9. We see that the percentage changes between 2004 and 2007 are very close for the control groups in particular. The percentage increase in agricultural revenue was the least for the direct participants, about 21–30 percent. The percentage increases were 97–60, 41–52, and 32–72 percent for
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