SUMMARY xix
ation methods—the lack of overlap in the covariate distributions or common support between the treatment and control observations, or what is usually referred to as comparing apples and oranges. Different model specifica- tions, including different matching techniques, a number of nearest-neighbor matches, different sets of explanatory variables, and correction versus no cor- rection of the sampling characteristics were used to assess the sensitivity of the results. Terms of interaction between the NAADS treatment indicators and sev- eral of the explanatory factors, as well as estimation of the panel regressions for separate subcategories of the factors, were used to assess the distributive effects of the program and factors enhancing or mitigating the impacts. To capture the direct and indirect effects of the program, the ATTs were
estimated according to ATTNON-1, based on the subsample of NAADSDIR and NAADSNON-1; ATTNON-2, based on the subsample of NAADSDIR and NAADSNON-2; and ATTNON-3, based on the subsample of NAADSDIR and NAADSNON-3. Assum- ing that direct participation in the program confers greater benefits than occasional contact with NAADS service providers or information, we expected
ATTNON-3 > ATTNON-2 > ATTNON-1. The average direct effect of the program can be measured by ATTNON-3, whereas the average indirect effect can be mea- sured by the differences in the ATTs, that is, ATTNON-3–ATTNON-2 and ATTNON-3 –ATTNON-1.
Key Findings and Implications The key findings are presented in terms of the following: the context of agri- cultural and rural development represented by the sampled subcounties; progress in implementation of the NAADS program in terms of farmer group institutional development and supply of advisory services; determinants of farmers’ decision regarding whether or not to participate in the program; and the effect of participation on outcomes, including distribution of the effects and factors enhancing or mitigating the effects.
Incidence of Rural Public Services in Farming Communities In general, the availability of various rural public services and service pro- viders (extension services, input supply shops, markets, roads, schools, health centers, etc.) has improved over time in Uganda, especially between 2001 and 2007, in terms of the presence of physical infrastructure as well as farm- ers’ perceptions of their access to the services. Looking at differences across subcounties shows that the availability of and access to services were mixed, although these were generally better in the NAADS subcounties than in the non-NAADS subcounties. Strengthening rural services and infrastructure is important for both agricultural and rural development. One of the commonly cited weaknesses of the PMA, the agricultural development strategy of the
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